Mammalian Cell Culture and Nutrient Uptake Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is a key function of biological membranes?

  • To facilitate protein synthesis
  • To provide rigidity to the cell
  • To serve as a source of energy
  • To act as a barrier to the outside world (correct)

Why must membranes be selectively permeable?

  • To prevent any substances from entering the cell
  • To maintain a constant volume of the cell
  • To allow waste products to build up inside
  • To enable nutrient entry and waste removal for survival (correct)

What type of molecules face difficulty crossing the lipid bilayer?

  • Hydrophilic molecules and larger ions (correct)
  • Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide
  • Small non-polar molecules
  • Membrane proteins

What does the fluid mosaic model describe?

<p>The dynamic and flexible nature of the membrane components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the polar and non-polar components of a phospholipid?

<p>Phosphate head is polar; fatty acid tails are non-polar (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypotonic solution?

<p>Lower concentration of solutes than the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution?

<p>It shrinks due to water loss (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the nature of an isotonic solution in relation to a cell?

<p>No movement of water into or out of the cell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process describes the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane?

<p>Osmosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of molecules typically undergo diffusion through the cell membrane?

<p>Nonpolar molecules and small polar molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of energy for chemoautotrophs?

<p>Simple inorganic chemicals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following organisms are classified as photoheterotrophs?

<p>Purple and green photosynthetic bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism utilizes the tissues and fluids of a live host?

<p>Parasite (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cell membrane play in nutrient uptake?

<p>It serves as a selectively permeable barrier (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the first step in nutrient utilization by cells?

<p>Uptake of required nutrients (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the major obstacles for cells during nutrient uptake?

<p>The cell membrane is impermeable to many molecules (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which category do fungi fit based on their nutrient acquisition method?

<p>Saprobe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of chemoheterotrophs?

<p>They obtain energy from organic molecules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the phospholipids in the plasma membrane?

<p>They are amphipathic with both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of molecules can easily interact with the plasma membrane's outer face but struggle to pass through its hydrophobic core?

<p>Polar molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't ions like sodium and potassium cross membranes by simple diffusion?

<p>They carry a charge that hinders their movement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do glycoproteins play in the plasma membrane?

<p>They assist in cell recognition and immune response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of passive transport?

<p>It does not require energy from the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is facilitated diffusion?

<p>Diffusion through protein pores that assist larger or charged molecules. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following methods requires cellular energy?

<p>Endocytosis. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about diffusion is true?

<p>It involves the movement of solute from high to low concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is diffusion?

<p>The movement of particles from high to low concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What drives the process of diffusion?

<p>Concentration gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens during diffusion when equilibrium is reached?

<p>Molecules move randomly in all directions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following illustrates a biological example of diffusion?

<p>Gas exchange in the lungs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of osmosis, what does low water potential indicate?

<p>High solute concentration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of a selectively permeable membrane in osmosis?

<p>Allows water to pass but not solutes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During passive transport, which direction does water move in osmosis?

<p>From low solute concentration to high solute concentration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ultimate goal of diffusion and osmosis in biological systems?

<p>To maintain homeostasis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary carbon source for autotrophs?

<p>Carbon dioxide (CO2) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organisms obtain energy from sunlight?

<p>Photoautotrophs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism requires organic matter as a carbon source?

<p>Heterotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are classified as chemoheterotrophs?

<p>Organisms that obtain energy from organic compounds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to understand the nutritional requirements of cells?

<p>To manipulate cells for desired product production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a feature of autotrophs?

<p>Depend on other organisms for carbon sources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of nutrient transport, what is a common energy source for photoautotrophs?

<p>Sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do chemoautotrophs primarily rely on for energy?

<p>Reduced inorganic compounds (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism gets its energy exclusively from organic compounds?

<p>Heterotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes photoheterotrophs?

<p>Obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from organic compounds (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Chemoautotroph

Organisms that obtain energy from inorganic chemicals and carbon from carbon dioxide.

Photoheterotroph

Organisms that obtain energy from sunlight and carbon from organic compounds.

Chemoheterotroph

Organisms that obtain energy and carbon from organic compounds.

Saprobe

Organisms that obtain nutrients by breaking down dead organic matter.

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Parasite

Organisms that obtain nutrients from living hosts, causing harm.

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Selective Permeability

The cell membrane acts as a barrier, controlling what enters and exits the cell.

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Nutrient Uptake

The process by which cells acquire molecules from the environment, crucial for growth and function.

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Concentration Gradient

The cell must move nutrients from a low concentration outside the cell to a higher concentration inside.

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Heterotroph

A cell's dependence on other organisms for its source of carbon, which is obtained from organic compounds.

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Carbon

The fundamental building block of all organic molecules, including proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids.

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Autotroph

A type of organism that utilizes inorganic molecules, like CO2, as their primary source of carbon.

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Membrane Transport

The mechanism by which cells take in essential nutrients and expel waste products.

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Photosynthesis

The ability of a cell to produce its own food by converting sunlight into chemical energy.

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Hypotonic Solution

A solution where the concentration of dissolved solutes outside the cell is lower than inside the cell, causing water to move into the cell.

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Hypertonic Solution

A solution where the concentration of dissolved solutes outside the cell is higher than inside the cell, causing water to move out of the cell.

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Ion Transport

The movement of ions across cell membranes plays a crucial role in vital cellular functions such as maintaining pH balance and osmotic pressure.

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Lipid Bilayer Structure

Lipid bilayers, the foundation of cell membranes, are composed of two layers of phospholipids. These molecules have a polar phosphate head (hydrophilic, water-loving) and non-polar fatty acid tails (hydrophobic, water-fearing).

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Isotonic Solution

A solution where the concentration of dissolved solutes outside the cell is equal to the concentration inside the cell, resulting in no net movement of water.

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Osmosis

The movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high water concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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Transport Proteins

Proteins embedded within the lipid bilayer act as transport channels, facilitating the movement of larger or hydrophilic molecules across the membrane.

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Cell Membrane

A process that regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell, like a bouncer at a club.

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Fluid Mosaic Model

The fluid mosaic model describes the dynamic structure of the cell membrane, highlighting the importance of both lipid bilayers and proteins in its functions. It emphasizes the membrane's flexibility and ability to adapt to changing conditions.

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What is passive diffusion?

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until they are evenly distributed.

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What is the driving force behind diffusion?

The tendency of a material to spread out evenly.

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What is osmosis?

The movement of water from an area of high water potential (low solute concentration) to an area of low water potential (high solute concentration).

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What is a concentration gradient?

A difference in the concentration of a substance between two areas.

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How does a concentration gradient affect diffusion?

The difference in concentration between two areas drives diffusion.

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How does diffusion work in gas exchange?

Diffusion plays a crucial role in gas exchange in the lungs, delivering oxygen to the bloodstream and removing carbon dioxide.

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What is equilibrium in diffusion?

When the concentration of a substance is equal in all areas.

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How is passive transport different from active transport?

Passive transport doesn't require energy, unlike active transport which uses energy.

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Phospholipid bilayer

The cell membrane is composed of phospholipids, which have a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a hydrophobic (water-fearing) tail. This structure creates a barrier that allows selective passage of molecules.

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Membrane permeability

Large molecules, charged molecules, and polar molecules have trouble crossing the cell membrane due to its hydrophobic core. They need help from transport proteins to move in or out.

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Passive transport

A type of membrane transport that doesn't require energy from the cell. Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration, following the concentration gradient.

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Facilitated diffusion

A type of passive transport where molecules move across the membrane with the help of transport proteins. It still follows the concentration gradient but requires a protein 'helper'.

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Active transport

A type of membrane transport that requires energy from the cell. Molecules move against their concentration gradient, from low concentration to high concentration.

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Protein pumps

A type of active transport where specialized proteins use energy to pump molecules across the membrane. It's like a pump moving water uphill.

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Endocytosis

A type of active transport where the cell engulfs material from outside by forming a vesicle. It's like a cell 'eating' something.

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Exocytosis

A type of active transport where the cell releases material outside by fusing a vesicle with the cell membrane. It's like a cell 'spitting' something out.

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Study Notes

Module Schedule

  • Week 1: Introduction to the module
  • Week 2: Mammalian cell culture lab setup and equipment
  • Week 3, 4: Contamination control procedures
  • Week 5: Nutrient uptake in cells
  • Week 6: Cell culture biology
  • Week 7: Cell culture media, lab data analysis
  • Week 8-9: Recap of previous weeks' lectures and new content on growing mammalian cells and monitoring their growth
  • Week 10: Methods for cell preservation
  • Week 11: Innate and adaptive immune responses, bioassays
  • Week 12: Revision and recap of Weeks 11 and 12 lectures

Nutrient Uptake Mechanisms - Lecture Details

  • Lecture Overview: The lecture discusses nutrient uptake mechanisms. It begins with an introduction of why this topic is important and concludes with a take-home message.
  • Nutrients and Cells: Nutrients are needed by cells for growth, metabolism, and maintenance. They are gained from the external environment.  The first step in nutrient utilization is uptake by the cell.
  • Cell Membrane: The cell membrane is selectively permeable and controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
  • Nutrient Uptake (Solute Transport): This is a cellular process that acquires nutrients from the environment to support cell growth, metabolism, and maintenance.
  • Obstacles to Nutrient Uptake: Nutrients must overcome a selectively-permeable cell membrane and also the relatively low concentration of nutrients in the environment compared to the cell's needs.
  • Membranes: The cell membrane's function includes serving as a barrier to the outside world, and being selectively permeable to allow the needed nutrients to enter the cell and waste products to leave.
  • Types of molecules: Ions (e.g., sodium, potassium) and polar molecules (e.g., glucose, amino acids) require specialized proteins for transport across the membrane due to their nature.
  • Membrane Structure (Lipid Bilayer): This structure presents a barrier to larger and more hydrophilic molecules (ions) which must be transported by special proteins. This bilayer has a polar Phosphate head allowing water to bind, and fatty acid tails which are non-polar and act as a barrier to water. Importantly, proteins are embedded in the membrane.

Nutrient Transport Types

  • Passive transport: Doesn't require energy from the cell
    • Diffusion: Movement from a high concentration to a low concentration
      • Example: Oxygen transfer from the lungs to the bloodstream
    • Osmosis: Water movement from a high concentration of water to a low concentration of water (across a selectively permeable membrane)
      • Hypotonic Solution: Lower solute concentration outside the cell, leading to water entering causing the cell to swell and potentially burst.
      • Hypertonic Solution: Higher solute concentration outside the cell, leading to water leaving the cell to equalize concentrations causing the cell to shrink.
      • Isotonic Solution: Equal solute concentrations inside and outside the cell, leading to no overall water movement.
  • Active transport: Requires energy from the cell
    • Protein pumps: Use energy to move substances against their concentration gradient.
    • Endocytosis: The cell engulfs substances by forming vesicles.
    • Exocytosis: The cell releases substances by fusing vesicles with the membrane.

Proteins in the Plasma Membrane

  • The plasma membrane contains various proteins that aid in nutrient uptake.
  • Some proteins are glycoproteins, which have attached carbohydrate chains used for cell recognition
  • Proteins act as pores enabling small particle diffusion
  • Others act as enzymes/hormone receptors allowing facilitated diffusion
  • Others enable cells to link together

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Mammalian Biotechnology Lecture 6 PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on mammalian cell culture techniques and the mechanisms of nutrient uptake. This quiz covers essential topics from lab setup to immune responses and methods for cell preservation. Prepare to demonstrate your understanding of these crucial biological concepts.

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