Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is unique to mammals, distinguishing them from other chordates?
Which characteristic is unique to mammals, distinguishing them from other chordates?
- Presence of a backbone
- Possession of fur or hair (correct)
- Ability to move independently
- Production of amniotic eggs
What combination of traits is uniquely characteristic of primates?
What combination of traits is uniquely characteristic of primates?
- Large body size and terrestrial locomotion
- Arboreal lifestyle and nocturnal behavior
- Specialized diet and solitary habits
- Combination of physical traits (correct)
Which of the following features is associated with primates adapted for arboreal quadrupedalism?
Which of the following features is associated with primates adapted for arboreal quadrupedalism?
- Short, stiff back and dorsally placed scapula
- Long tail for balance and laterally placed scapula (correct)
- Reduced tail and restricted shoulder joint
- Long, flexible back and long hindlimbs
How does the shortened snout and forward-facing eyes contribute to primate adaptation?
How does the shortened snout and forward-facing eyes contribute to primate adaptation?
Which of the following is a typical reproductive strategy observed in primates?
Which of the following is a typical reproductive strategy observed in primates?
How does the extended period of dependence in primates influence their development and social behavior?
How does the extended period of dependence in primates influence their development and social behavior?
What is the significance of 'semantic communication' in the context of primate social features?
What is the significance of 'semantic communication' in the context of primate social features?
Which primate classification approach is based on shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships?
Which primate classification approach is based on shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships?
What combination of characteristics is typical of Strepsirrhini primates?
What combination of characteristics is typical of Strepsirrhini primates?
Which of the following is a distinctive trait commonly observed among lemurs, lorises, and galagos?
Which of the following is a distinctive trait commonly observed among lemurs, lorises, and galagos?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Haplorrhini primates from Strepsirrhini primates?
What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Haplorrhini primates from Strepsirrhini primates?
Which feature defines Tarsiers within the primate order?
Which feature defines Tarsiers within the primate order?
What dental formula is characteristic of Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)?
What dental formula is characteristic of Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)?
How does the typical social structure of terrestrial Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys) differ from that of arboreal Catarrhines?
How does the typical social structure of terrestrial Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys) differ from that of arboreal Catarrhines?
Which set of traits is characteristic of hominoids?
Which set of traits is characteristic of hominoids?
What dental pattern is typical of hominoids?
What dental pattern is typical of hominoids?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of Hylobates compared to other hominoids?
What is a distinguishing characteristic of Hylobates compared to other hominoids?
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Pongids, such as Orangutans?
Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Pongids, such as Orangutans?
What behavioral trait is commonly observed in Pongids, such as gorillas?
What behavioral trait is commonly observed in Pongids, such as gorillas?
How do the social dynamics typically differ between Bonobos and Chimpanzees?
How do the social dynamics typically differ between Bonobos and Chimpanzees?
Which primate adaptation is associated with a nocturnal lifestyle and small body size?
Which primate adaptation is associated with a nocturnal lifestyle and small body size?
Which of the following is an adaptive advantage related to increased brain size in primates?
Which of the following is an adaptive advantage related to increased brain size in primates?
What is a key skeletal adaptation associated with bipedalism in hominins?
What is a key skeletal adaptation associated with bipedalism in hominins?
How does hominin dentition reflect dietary adaptations?
How does hominin dentition reflect dietary adaptations?
What aspect of culture may be demonstrated by chimpanzees that use tools?
What aspect of culture may be demonstrated by chimpanzees that use tools?
What is the distinction between analogous and homologous traits when studying hominin behavior?
What is the distinction between analogous and homologous traits when studying hominin behavior?
What is a key limitation to consider when using ethnographic analogy to understand hominin behavior?
What is a key limitation to consider when using ethnographic analogy to understand hominin behavior?
Which adaptation is associated with primates that have a small body size?
Which adaptation is associated with primates that have a small body size?
What adaptation is associated with primates that have a large body size?
What adaptation is associated with primates that have a large body size?
How does group size change based on the primate adaptation to safety?
How does group size change based on the primate adaptation to safety?
How is bipedalism reflected in the anatomy and physical features of Homo sapiens?
How is bipedalism reflected in the anatomy and physical features of Homo sapiens?
Termite sticks used by chimpanzees relates to:
Termite sticks used by chimpanzees relates to:
What is the importance of larger brains for primates that are frugivores? The larger brains:
What is the importance of larger brains for primates that are frugivores? The larger brains:
What is the impact of a dish shaped pelvis in Homo sapiens?
What is the impact of a dish shaped pelvis in Homo sapiens?
What is the impact of no large teeth and claws for Homo sapiens?
What is the impact of no large teeth and claws for Homo sapiens?
If traits are derived independently in two primates, what are those types of traits called?
If traits are derived independently in two primates, what are those types of traits called?
If traits are derived from a common ancestor, what are those types of traits called?
If traits are derived from a common ancestor, what are those types of traits called?
How is group size variable in primates?
How is group size variable in primates?
Considering the arboreal adaptations of primates, how does the positioning of the scapula (shoulder blade) in arboreal quadrupeds like monkeys facilitate their movement?
Considering the arboreal adaptations of primates, how does the positioning of the scapula (shoulder blade) in arboreal quadrupeds like monkeys facilitate their movement?
How does the dietary adaptation of frugivory correlate with brain size in primates, and what advantages does this provide?
How does the dietary adaptation of frugivory correlate with brain size in primates, and what advantages does this provide?
In the context of primate social structures, how might a 'fluid' group dynamic, as observed in Bonobos, impact the expression of social behaviors compared to more stable, female-centered groups?
In the context of primate social structures, how might a 'fluid' group dynamic, as observed in Bonobos, impact the expression of social behaviors compared to more stable, female-centered groups?
Considering the reproductive strategies of primates, how does the extended period of infant dependency influence the social learning and development of young primates?
Considering the reproductive strategies of primates, how does the extended period of infant dependency influence the social learning and development of young primates?
How does the 'closed system' of primate communication, which relies on signals with limited flexibility, contrast with human language in terms of conveying novel ideas or abstract concepts?
How does the 'closed system' of primate communication, which relies on signals with limited flexibility, contrast with human language in terms of conveying novel ideas or abstract concepts?
Flashcards
What are primates?
What are primates?
Mammals that have collar bones and grasping fingers.
What are mammals?
What are mammals?
Chordates with fur or hair and milk glands.
What are unique primate traits?
What are unique primate traits?
A combination of physical traits seen in primates.
What does 'arboreal' mean?
What does 'arboreal' mean?
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What are prehensile hands and feet?
What are prehensile hands and feet?
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What is an opposable thumb?
What is an opposable thumb?
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What is an omnivorous diet?
What is an omnivorous diet?
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What is stereoscopic vision?
What is stereoscopic vision?
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What is Haplorrhini?
What is Haplorrhini?
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What is Strepsirrhini?
What is Strepsirrhini?
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What are mammal-like traits of Strepsirrhini?
What are mammal-like traits of Strepsirrhini?
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What is Lemuroidea?
What is Lemuroidea?
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What is Lorisoidea?
What is Lorisoidea?
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What are Tarsiers?
What are Tarsiers?
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What are Platyrrhines?
What are Platyrrhines?
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What are Catarrhines?
What are Catarrhines?
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What are Cercopithecoids?
What are Cercopithecoids?
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What are Hominoidea?
What are Hominoidea?
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What are Hominoids?
What are Hominoids?
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What are Hylobates?
What are Hylobates?
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What are Pongids (Orangutans)?
What are Pongids (Orangutans)?
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What are Pongids (Gorillas)?
What are Pongids (Gorillas)?
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What are Pongids (Bonobos and Chimpanzees)?
What are Pongids (Bonobos and Chimpanzees)?
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What is sexual dimorphism?
What is sexual dimorphism?
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What are Hominins (Homo sapiens)?
What are Hominins (Homo sapiens)?
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What are Homologous traits?
What are Homologous traits?
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What are Analogous traits?
What are Analogous traits?
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What is using living primate behavior as a model?
What is using living primate behavior as a model?
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What is ethnographic analogy?
What is ethnographic analogy?
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What are small body size primate adaptations?
What are small body size primate adaptations?
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What are large body size primate adaptations?
What are large body size primate adaptations?
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What are adaptations for primate group size?
What are adaptations for primate group size?
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What is referential communication?
What is referential communication?
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What is symbolic communication?
What is symbolic communication?
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What is dependency in primates?
What is dependency in primates?
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What is the combination of traits?
What is the combination of traits?
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What are hominoid teeth?
What are hominoid teeth?
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What are primitive traits?
What are primitive traits?
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Study Notes
Shared Traits in Mammals
- Mammals give birth to live young
- Mammals produce mother's milk
- Mammals have a long period of dependence
- Mammals learn through play
Primate Physical Traits:
- Primates have unique combination of physical traits
- Primates are Arboreal
- Primates have prehensile hands and feet
- Primates have an opposable thumb
- Primates have flexible arm movement
- Primates have specific upper and lower limb bones
Primate Physical Traits
- Primates have an omnivorous diet
- Primates have teeth
- Primates have forward-facing eyes
- Primates have stereoscopic & color vision
- Primates have a larger brain
Primate Reproduction
- Primates produce few offspring
- Primate infants are helpless
- Primates take longer to reach sexual maturity
Dependency and Play
- Primates demonstrate long dependency
- Primates form mother-infant bonds
- Primates engage in play for physical and social skills
- Primates participate in learning
- Primates participate in imitation
- Primates participate in independent learning
- Primates participate in deliberate teaching
Social Features: Communication
- Primates have referential communication
- Primates use sound associated with object or event; semantic communication
- Primates use symbolic communication; meaning without referent; arbitrary
- Primate communication is a closed system
Strepsirrhini Traits
- Strepsirrhini are mammal-like
- Strepsirrhini longer snouts
- Strepsirrhini have rhinarium
- Strepsirrhini have olfactory senses
- Strepsirrhini have mobile ears
- Strepsirrhini have primate traits -Grasping hands -Stereoscopic vision
Strepsirrhini: Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos
- Strepsirrhini females dominate social groups
- Strepsirrhini are not sexually dimorphic
- Strepsirrhini have a vegetarian diet with insects
- Strepsirrhini are quadrupedal
- Strepsirrhini use vertical clinging and leaping
Haplorrhini:
- Haplorrhini include humans, apes, monkeys
- Haplorrhini have a rounded braincase
- Haplorrhini have better vision and no rhinarium (dry nose)
- Haplorrhini have reduced, non-mobile ears
- Haplorrhini have relatively small, flat faces
- Haplorrhini have a more fully formed placenta
- Haplorrhini have highly Dexterous hands
Tarsiers
- Tarsiers are nocturnal and Arboreal
- Tarsiers are insectivores
- Tarsiers are Haplorrhines
- Tarsiers have eyes in bony orbits, no tapetum lucidum (no eye shine at night)
- Tarsiers are vertical clinger leapers (like lemurs)
Platyrrhines:
- Platyrrhines are New World Monkeys
- Platyrrhines have three premolars 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
- Platyrrhines have a prehensile tail
- Platyrrhines are arboreal
- Marmosets and tamarins are Platyrrhines, as well as Cebids
Catarrhines:
- Divided into Arboreal Colobine Monkeys, and Terrestrial Baboons
- Catarrhines dentition is 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
- Catarrhines have variable group sizes, where males dominate, and have few offspring
- Catarrhines have complex stomachs
- Catarrhines show sexual dimorphism in female troops
Hominoids: Apes and Humans
- Hominoids include Hylobates, Pongids, Hominins
- Hominoids have larger brains
- Hominoids have greater flexibility
- Hominoids have longer limbs
- Hominoids have a short, broad trunk, without a tail
Hominoid Dentition
- Hominoid dentition consists of flat and rounded teeth with a Y-5 pattern, and a canine diastema
Hominoids: Hylobates
- Hominoids are Brachiators
- Hominoids have small body size and weight
- Hominoids are Frugivores
- Hominoids live in small family units
- Hominoids show little sexual dimorphism
Pongids
- Pongids include Orangutans
- Pongids are Arboreal
- Pongids are Frugivores
- Pongids are Sexually dimorphic
- Pongids are socially solitary, due to diet, and predation
Pongids: Gorillas
- Gorillas are Quadruped's
- Gorillas are Knuckle-walkers
- Gorillas eat and sleep in trees
- Gorillas have dominant male protectors
- Gorillas have flexible membership
Pongids: Bonobos and Chimpanzees
- Bonobos and Chimpanzees are stable, female-centered groups
- Bonobos and Chimpanzees walk Quadrupedally and bipedally
- Bonobos and Chimpanzees are Frugivores, with some meat
- Bonobos and Chimpanzees are highly social, in large groups
- Bonobos and Chimpanzees fluid groups
Primate Adaptations
- Small body size adapts to Nocturnal/Arboreal/Frugivore habitats
- Large body size adapts to Diurnal/Terrestrial/Vegetarian habitats
- Fast moving in trees requires low body size and weight
- Fruit sugars provide high energy
- It's easier to move around at night
- Slow moving terrestrial species require large body size
- Vegetation is carbohydrate poor, so large guts help process vegetation
- Its safer to be active during day, and live in large groups = protection
Primate Adaptations
- Primates have increased brain size relative to body size
- Frugivores have larger brains
- Primates remember where/when fruit is produced
- Primate group size is variable to ensure safety
- Primates live in smaller numbers when feeding at night
- Primates live in larger number when feeding in the day
Hominins: Homo sapiens
- Homo sapiens walk Bipedally
- Homo sapiens have a dish-shaped pelvis
- Homo sapiens have straight lower limbs
- Homo sapiens feet are not prehensile
- Homo sapiens hands are dexterous
- Homo sapiens have no large teeth or claws
Hominins - Homo Sapiens
- Homo sapiens have a large complex brain
- Homo sapiens have a cerebral cortex
- Homo sapiens are capable of thinking & have spoken language
- Homo sapiens have a lowered larynx
- Homo sapiens eat an omnivorous diet
- Homo sapiens incisors and canines are similar
- Homo sapiens have no spaces between teeth
Hominins: Homo sapiens
- Homo sapiens participate in learning through culture
- Homo sapiens learn tool use by greater apes = culture?
- Homo sapiens Chimpanzees use termite sticks
- Homo sapiens plan, using tools
- Homo sapiens Cracking seeds open with two rocks
Models for Understanding Hominin Behavior
- Homologous vs Analogous traits are important for understanding Hominin Behavior
- Traits derive from common ancestor vs trait independently derived in two primates
- Living primate behavior can be used as a model -Ethnographic analogy -Non-Western traditional societies --Limitations ---NOTE: All cultural groups have own qualities, ----NOT always reflective of a universal pattern
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