Mammal & Primate Traits

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Questions and Answers

Which characteristic is unique to mammals, distinguishing them from other chordates?

  • Presence of a backbone
  • Possession of fur or hair (correct)
  • Ability to move independently
  • Production of amniotic eggs

What combination of traits is uniquely characteristic of primates?

  • Large body size and terrestrial locomotion
  • Arboreal lifestyle and nocturnal behavior
  • Specialized diet and solitary habits
  • Combination of physical traits (correct)

Which of the following features is associated with primates adapted for arboreal quadrupedalism?

  • Short, stiff back and dorsally placed scapula
  • Long tail for balance and laterally placed scapula (correct)
  • Reduced tail and restricted shoulder joint
  • Long, flexible back and long hindlimbs

How does the shortened snout and forward-facing eyes contribute to primate adaptation?

<p>Improves depth perception for navigating arboreal environments (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical reproductive strategy observed in primates?

<p>Producing one to few offspring with longer periods to reach sexual maturity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the extended period of dependence in primates influence their development and social behavior?

<p>It strengthens the mother-infant bond and facilitates social learning. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'semantic communication' in the context of primate social features?

<p>It refers to the use of arbitrary symbols to convey meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primate classification approach is based on shared ancestry and evolutionary relationships?

<p>Clade approach (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What combination of characteristics is typical of Strepsirrhini primates?

<p>Wet nose (rhinarium), mobile ears, and grasping hands. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a distinctive trait commonly observed among lemurs, lorises, and galagos?

<p>Female dominance in social groups (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic that distinguishes Haplorrhini primates from Strepsirrhini primates?

<p>More fully formed placenta during gestation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which feature defines Tarsiers within the primate order?

<p>Nocturnal behavior and insectivorous diet (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dental formula is characteristic of Platyrrhines (New World Monkeys)?

<p>2.1.3.3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the typical social structure of terrestrial Catarrhines (Old World Monkeys) differ from that of arboreal Catarrhines?

<p>Terrestrial groups exhibit sexual dimorphism and female troops, while arboreal groups have variable group sizes and male dominance. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which set of traits is characteristic of hominoids?

<p>Larger brains, greater flexibility, short broad trunk and no tail (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What dental pattern is typical of hominoids?

<p>Y-5 molars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinguishing characteristic of Hylobates compared to other hominoids?

<p>Brachiation and small body size (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical characteristic of Pongids, such as Orangutans?

<p>Arboreal lifestyle, frugivorous diet, and sexual dimorphism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What behavioral trait is commonly observed in Pongids, such as gorillas?

<p>They move as knuckle-walkers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the social dynamics typically differ between Bonobos and Chimpanzees?

<p>Bonobo groups are stable and female-centered, while chimpanzee groups are fluid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which primate adaptation is associated with a nocturnal lifestyle and small body size?

<p>Nocturnal behavior, small body size, and frugivorous diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an adaptive advantage related to increased brain size in primates?

<p>Improved memory for locating and remembering fruit production (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key skeletal adaptation associated with bipedalism in hominins?

<p>Dish-shaped pelvis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does hominin dentition reflect dietary adaptations?

<p>Reduced incisors and canines similar to those of an ominvorous diet. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of culture may be demonstrated by chimpanzees that use tools?

<p>Culture may be demonstrated by chimpanzees who termite sticks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinction between analogous and homologous traits when studying hominin behavior?

<p>traits from a common ancestor or trait independently derived in two primates (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key limitation to consider when using ethnographic analogy to understand hominin behavior?

<p>Cultural groups have qualities that may not always reflect a universal pattern. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which adaptation is associated with primates that have a small body size?

<p>fast moving in trees with low body size and weight (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What adaptation is associated with primates that have a large body size?

<p>Vegetation consumption and large guts to process vegetation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does group size change based on the primate adaptation to safety?

<p>Safety in smaller numbers when feeding in the night and large numbers when feeding in the day (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is bipedalism reflected in the anatomy and physical features of Homo sapiens?

<p>Dish shaped pelvis and feet not prehensile relate to impacts with <em>Homo sapiens</em> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Termite sticks used by chimpanzees relates to:

<p>Culture and tool use (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of larger brains for primates that are frugivores? The larger brains:

<p>Remember when fruit is produced (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of a dish shaped pelvis in Homo sapiens?

<p>Bipedalism or walk with 2 feet (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of no large teeth and claws for Homo sapiens?

<p>Defense is impacted (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If traits are derived independently in two primates, what are those types of traits called?

<p>Analogous traits (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If traits are derived from a common ancestor, what are those types of traits called?

<p>Homologous traits (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is group size variable in primates?

<p>Group change is based on numbers when feeding at night and daytime (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the arboreal adaptations of primates, how does the positioning of the scapula (shoulder blade) in arboreal quadrupeds like monkeys facilitate their movement?

<p>The scapula is laterally placed, allowing for greater range of motion in the arms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the dietary adaptation of frugivory correlate with brain size in primates, and what advantages does this provide?

<p>Frugivory correlates with larger brain size due to the cognitive demands of locating and remembering the location of fruit sources. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of primate social structures, how might a 'fluid' group dynamic, as observed in Bonobos, impact the expression of social behaviors compared to more stable, female-centered groups?

<p>Fluid groups likely result in more variable expressions of social behaviors, with diverse interaction patterns compared to stable groups. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the reproductive strategies of primates, how does the extended period of infant dependency influence the social learning and development of young primates?

<p>Extended dependency provides increased opportunities for social learning, imitation, and the development of complex social behaviors. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'closed system' of primate communication, which relies on signals with limited flexibility, contrast with human language in terms of conveying novel ideas or abstract concepts?

<p>Human language allows for the creation of novel meanings and the discussion of abstract concepts due to its open and generative nature, unlike the limited scope of primate communication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What are primates?

Mammals that have collar bones and grasping fingers.

What are mammals?

Chordates with fur or hair and milk glands.

What are unique primate traits?

A combination of physical traits seen in primates.

What does 'arboreal' mean?

Adapted to living in trees.

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What are prehensile hands and feet?

Hands and feet adapted for grasping.

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What is an opposable thumb?

A thumb that can be placed against the other fingers.

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What is an omnivorous diet?

A diet consisting of both plants and animals.

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What is stereoscopic vision?

Vision with depth perception due to overlapping fields of view.

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What is Haplorrhini?

Primate infraorder including tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans.

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What is Strepsirrhini?

Primate suborder that includes lemurs, lorises, and galagos.

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What are mammal-like traits of Strepsirrhini?

Having a wet nose or rhinarium and longer snouts.

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What is Lemuroidea?

The superfamily that includes ring-tailed lemurs and mouse lemurs.

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What is Lorisoidea?

The superfamily including lorises, pottos, and galagos.

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What are Tarsiers?

Small primates, nocturnal and arboreal, lack tapetum lucidum.

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What are Platyrrhines?

New World Monkeys with three premolars and prehensile tail.

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What are Catarrhines?

Monkeys that are native to the Old World that have 2.1.2.3 dental formula

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What are Cercopithecoids?

Old World monkeys that are arboreal or terrestrial, with complex stomachs.

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What are Hominoidea?

The superfamily including Gibbons, Orangutans, Gorillas, Chimpanzees, Bonobos, Humans.

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What are Hominoids?

Apes with longer limbs, larger brains, greater flexibility and short, broad trunks.

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What are Hylobates?

Apes that are brachiators with small body size, frugivores, and live in small family units.

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What are Pongids (Orangutans)?

Apes that are arboreal and frugivorous with sexual dimorphism.

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What are Pongids (Gorillas)?

Apes that are quadrupedal, knuckle-walkers, and eat and sleep in trees.

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What are Pongids (Bonobos and Chimpanzees)?

Apes that are quadrupedal and bipedal, frugivorous with some meat, and highly social.

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What is sexual dimorphism?

Tendency for males and females of a species to exhibit different traits.

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What are Hominins (Homo sapiens)?

Primates with larger brains, bipedalism, dish-shaped pelvis, and straight lower limbs.

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What are Homologous traits?

A characteristic or trait present in two different species that is derived from a common ancestor trait.

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What are Analogous traits?

A characteristic or trait present in two different species that independently evolved, not from a common ancestor.

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What is using living primate behavior as a model?

Using living primate behavior as a model for understanding hominin behavior.

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What is ethnographic analogy?

A research method that explores similarities and patterns between different cultures.

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What are small body size primate adaptations?

Fast-moving primates with lower body size that consume fruit sugars for high energy intake.

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What are large body size primate adaptations?

Slow Moving primates with larger body sizes that are mostly vegetarians.

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What are adaptations for primate group size?

A variable group size for primates that prioritize safety when in large numbers during the day.

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What is referential communication?

Social feature in which a sound is associated with an object or event.

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What is symbolic communication?

Primate communication that is thought to lack referents and is a 'closed' system.

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What is dependency in primates?

Period of offspring dependence longer in primates.

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What is the combination of traits?

Unique primate traits.

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What are hominoid teeth?

Flat and rounded molars with a Y-5 pattern.

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What are primitive traits?

Primate traits of grasping hands and stereoscopic vision

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Study Notes

Shared Traits in Mammals

  • Mammals give birth to live young
  • Mammals produce mother's milk
  • Mammals have a long period of dependence
  • Mammals learn through play

Primate Physical Traits:

  • Primates have unique combination of physical traits
  • Primates are Arboreal
  • Primates have prehensile hands and feet
  • Primates have an opposable thumb
  • Primates have flexible arm movement
  • Primates have specific upper and lower limb bones

Primate Physical Traits

  • Primates have an omnivorous diet
  • Primates have teeth
  • Primates have forward-facing eyes
  • Primates have stereoscopic & color vision
  • Primates have a larger brain

Primate Reproduction

  • Primates produce few offspring
  • Primate infants are helpless
  • Primates take longer to reach sexual maturity

Dependency and Play

  • Primates demonstrate long dependency
  • Primates form mother-infant bonds
  • Primates engage in play for physical and social skills
  • Primates participate in learning
  • Primates participate in imitation
  • Primates participate in independent learning
  • Primates participate in deliberate teaching

Social Features: Communication

  • Primates have referential communication
  • Primates use sound associated with object or event; semantic communication
  • Primates use symbolic communication; meaning without referent; arbitrary
  • Primate communication is a closed system

Strepsirrhini Traits

  • Strepsirrhini are mammal-like
  • Strepsirrhini longer snouts
  • Strepsirrhini have rhinarium
  • Strepsirrhini have olfactory senses
  • Strepsirrhini have mobile ears
  • Strepsirrhini have primate traits -Grasping hands -Stereoscopic vision

Strepsirrhini: Lemurs, Lorises, Galagos

  • Strepsirrhini females dominate social groups
  • Strepsirrhini are not sexually dimorphic
  • Strepsirrhini have a vegetarian diet with insects
  • Strepsirrhini are quadrupedal
  • Strepsirrhini use vertical clinging and leaping

Haplorrhini:

  • Haplorrhini include humans, apes, monkeys
  • Haplorrhini have a rounded braincase
  • Haplorrhini have better vision and no rhinarium (dry nose)
  • Haplorrhini have reduced, non-mobile ears
  • Haplorrhini have relatively small, flat faces
  • Haplorrhini have a more fully formed placenta
  • Haplorrhini have highly Dexterous hands

Tarsiers

  • Tarsiers are nocturnal and Arboreal
  • Tarsiers are insectivores
  • Tarsiers are Haplorrhines
  • Tarsiers have eyes in bony orbits, no tapetum lucidum (no eye shine at night)
  • Tarsiers are vertical clinger leapers (like lemurs)

Platyrrhines:

  • Platyrrhines are New World Monkeys
  • Platyrrhines have three premolars 2.1.3.3/2.1.3.3
  • Platyrrhines have a prehensile tail
  • Platyrrhines are arboreal
  • Marmosets and tamarins are Platyrrhines, as well as Cebids

Catarrhines:

  • Divided into Arboreal Colobine Monkeys, and Terrestrial Baboons
  • Catarrhines dentition is 2.1.2.3/2.1.2.3
  • Catarrhines have variable group sizes, where males dominate, and have few offspring
  • Catarrhines have complex stomachs
  • Catarrhines show sexual dimorphism in female troops

Hominoids: Apes and Humans

  • Hominoids include Hylobates, Pongids, Hominins
  • Hominoids have larger brains
  • Hominoids have greater flexibility
  • Hominoids have longer limbs
  • Hominoids have a short, broad trunk, without a tail

Hominoid Dentition

  • Hominoid dentition consists of flat and rounded teeth with a Y-5 pattern, and a canine diastema

Hominoids: Hylobates

  • Hominoids are Brachiators
  • Hominoids have small body size and weight
  • Hominoids are Frugivores
  • Hominoids live in small family units
  • Hominoids show little sexual dimorphism

Pongids

  • Pongids include Orangutans
  • Pongids are Arboreal
  • Pongids are Frugivores
  • Pongids are Sexually dimorphic
  • Pongids are socially solitary, due to diet, and predation

Pongids: Gorillas

  • Gorillas are Quadruped's
  • Gorillas are Knuckle-walkers
  • Gorillas eat and sleep in trees
  • Gorillas have dominant male protectors
  • Gorillas have flexible membership

Pongids: Bonobos and Chimpanzees

  • Bonobos and Chimpanzees are stable, female-centered groups
  • Bonobos and Chimpanzees walk Quadrupedally and bipedally
  • Bonobos and Chimpanzees are Frugivores, with some meat
  • Bonobos and Chimpanzees are highly social, in large groups
  • Bonobos and Chimpanzees fluid groups

Primate Adaptations

  • Small body size adapts to Nocturnal/Arboreal/Frugivore habitats
  • Large body size adapts to Diurnal/Terrestrial/Vegetarian habitats
  • Fast moving in trees requires low body size and weight
  • Fruit sugars provide high energy
  • It's easier to move around at night
  • Slow moving terrestrial species require large body size
  • Vegetation is carbohydrate poor, so large guts help process vegetation
  • Its safer to be active during day, and live in large groups = protection

Primate Adaptations

  • Primates have increased brain size relative to body size
  • Frugivores have larger brains
  • Primates remember where/when fruit is produced
  • Primate group size is variable to ensure safety
  • Primates live in smaller numbers when feeding at night
  • Primates live in larger number when feeding in the day

Hominins: Homo sapiens

  • Homo sapiens walk Bipedally
  • Homo sapiens have a dish-shaped pelvis
  • Homo sapiens have straight lower limbs
  • Homo sapiens feet are not prehensile
  • Homo sapiens hands are dexterous
  • Homo sapiens have no large teeth or claws

Hominins - Homo Sapiens

  • Homo sapiens have a large complex brain
  • Homo sapiens have a cerebral cortex
  • Homo sapiens are capable of thinking & have spoken language
  • Homo sapiens have a lowered larynx
  • Homo sapiens eat an omnivorous diet
  • Homo sapiens incisors and canines are similar
  • Homo sapiens have no spaces between teeth

Hominins: Homo sapiens

  • Homo sapiens participate in learning through culture
  • Homo sapiens learn tool use by greater apes = culture?
  • Homo sapiens Chimpanzees use termite sticks
  • Homo sapiens plan, using tools
  • Homo sapiens Cracking seeds open with two rocks

Models for Understanding Hominin Behavior

  • Homologous vs Analogous traits are important for understanding Hominin Behavior
  • Traits derive from common ancestor vs trait independently derived in two primates
  • Living primate behavior can be used as a model -Ethnographic analogy -Non-Western traditional societies --Limitations ---NOTE: All cultural groups have own qualities, ----NOT always reflective of a universal pattern

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