Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of the Installation phase in a cyber attack?
What is the primary purpose of the Installation phase in a cyber attack?
In Command and Control (C2), the attacker primarily seeks to:
In Command and Control (C2), the attacker primarily seeks to:
Which of the following best describes the Actions on Objectives phase during a cyber attack?
Which of the following best describes the Actions on Objectives phase during a cyber attack?
What is the purpose of the Deny mitigation control in response to an attack?
What is the purpose of the Deny mitigation control in response to an attack?
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Which defensive step involves misleading attackers to gather more knowledge about their tactics?
Which defensive step involves misleading attackers to gather more knowledge about their tactics?
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Why do defenders face more challenges than attackers in threat modeling?
Why do defenders face more challenges than attackers in threat modeling?
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In the STRIDE framework, which of the following is not a category of threat?
In the STRIDE framework, which of the following is not a category of threat?
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What primary security property does the denial of service attack threaten?
What primary security property does the denial of service attack threaten?
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Which mitigation technique is most appropriate for addressing tampering?
Which mitigation technique is most appropriate for addressing tampering?
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What is the first question in the general approach to threat modeling?
What is the first question in the general approach to threat modeling?
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Which example illustrates a repudiation threat?
Which example illustrates a repudiation threat?
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What aspect of security does the information disclosure category address?
What aspect of security does the information disclosure category address?
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In threat modeling, what is the purpose of using diagrams like component or data flow diagrams?
In threat modeling, what is the purpose of using diagrams like component or data flow diagrams?
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What does elevation of privilege refer to in cybersecurity?
What does elevation of privilege refer to in cybersecurity?
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Which mitigation strategy is effective against DDoS attacks?
Which mitigation strategy is effective against DDoS attacks?
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What is the primary purpose of the Cyber Kill Chain framework?
What is the primary purpose of the Cyber Kill Chain framework?
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During which stage of the Cyber Kill Chain does an attacker create the malicious payload?
During which stage of the Cyber Kill Chain does an attacker create the malicious payload?
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In the context of STRIDE, what threat does tampering primarily address?
In the context of STRIDE, what threat does tampering primarily address?
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What type of reconnaissance is undetectable by the target?
What type of reconnaissance is undetectable by the target?
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What is a common consequence of the exploitation stage in the Cyber Kill Chain?
What is a common consequence of the exploitation stage in the Cyber Kill Chain?
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Implementing role-based access control (RBAC) primarily aims to prevent which of the following?
Implementing role-based access control (RBAC) primarily aims to prevent which of the following?
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What characteristic differentiates worms from viruses?
What characteristic differentiates worms from viruses?
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Which type of malware is most likely to install a backdoor on a user's device?
Which type of malware is most likely to install a backdoor on a user's device?
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What is a primary limitation of virus dictionaries in antivirus approaches?
What is a primary limitation of virus dictionaries in antivirus approaches?
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Which method best describes the function of integrity checkers in malware detection?
Which method best describes the function of integrity checkers in malware detection?
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What is a key feature of behaviour blockers in antivirus software?
What is a key feature of behaviour blockers in antivirus software?
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Which approach to malware prevention involves promoting user education?
Which approach to malware prevention involves promoting user education?
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What concept involves systematically identifying potential security risks in a given context?
What concept involves systematically identifying potential security risks in a given context?
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What common issue can arise from activity monitoring in antivirus software?
What common issue can arise from activity monitoring in antivirus software?
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Study Notes
Malware Overview
- Malware comes in three main forms: viruses, worms, and trojans
- Viruses: Self-replicating malicious code that attaches to files, often polymorphic (mutating to avoid detection). Spread through executable files, boot sectors, or email attachments.
- Worms: Spread through network vulnerabilities without user interaction, often causing network slowdowns and providing remote access to attackers. Examples include Blaster and Witty worms.
- Trojans: Appear harmless but hide malicious activities, such as keylogging (recording keystrokes) or opening backdoors for remote control.
Malware Detection and Prevention
- User Awareness: Educating users to avoid risky behaviors like downloading suspicious files.
- Technical Solutions: Using write protection, firewalls, and intrusion detection systems to prevent attacks.
- Antivirus Software: Identifying and removing malware, but requires regular updates to recognize new threats.
Antivirus Approaches
- Virus Dictionaries: Scans for known virus signatures, but struggles with unknown or polymorphic viruses.
- Behavior Blockers: Monitors suspicious system commands (e.g., file deletions) and alerts users before actions are carried out.
- Integrity Checkers: Detect changes in files caused by malware, but only after damage has occurred.
- Activity Monitoring: Tracks program behavior for unusual activities (e.g., attempts to alter other programs), potentially resulting in false positives.
Threat Modelling
- A structured process to identify potential threats and security risks.
- Systematic Approach: Maps out the threat landscape against a system to identify vulnerabilities and risks.
- Threat Actors vs. Defenders: Attackers have an advantage, focusing on exploits, compared to defenders trying to prevent all potential exploits.
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General Approach (4 Key Questions):
- What are we building? (System description)
- What can go wrong? (Potential threats & attacks; using frameworks like STRIDE or cyber kill chains)
- What will we do about it? (Mitigation strategies, prioritizing actions)
- Reflection: Continuous review, reflection, and revisions of procedures for better security over time.
STRIDE Framework
- Spoofing (S): Masquerading as another user/entity (e.g., phishing). Mitigation: Strong authentication.
- Tampering (T): Unauthorized modification of data. Mitigation: Data integrity measures (encryption, checksums).
- Repudiation (R): Denying responsibility for an action. Mitigation: Non-repudiation mechanisms (digital signatures).
- Information Disclosure (I): Unauthorized access to information. Mitigation: Strong encryption, access controls, and proper data handling policies.
- Denial of Service (D): Preventing legitimate users from accessing services (e.g., DDOS). Mitigation: Firewalls, intrusion detection, and load balancing.
- Elevation of Privilege (E): Gaining unauthorized access to higher-level permissions. Mitigation: Role-based access controls (RBAC) and privilege separation.
Cyber Kill Chain
- Sequence of actions attackers use to infiltrate a network.
- Stages: Reconnaissance (gathering info), Weaponization (creating payload), Delivery, Exploitation, Installation, Command and Control (C2), Actions on Objectives (achieving goals).
Example Attacks
- Stealing intellectual property, defacing websites, selling stolen data.
Mitigation Steps (to reduce the success of an attack)
- Detecting attackers that attempt to access systems or explore networks.
- Denying attackers access to critical information or services.
- Disrupting attacker operations by altering or stopping outbound data.
- Degrading attacker efforts through a counterattack.
- Deceive attackers with interference in the data collected or accessed.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential aspects of malware, including its main forms such as viruses, worms, and trojans. It also explores strategies for malware detection and user education to prevent infections. Test your knowledge on the critical protective measures against these threats.
