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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of testosterone?
What is the primary function of testosterone?
Inhibin promotes the secretion of FSH to regulate spermatogenesis.
Inhibin promotes the secretion of FSH to regulate spermatogenesis.
False
What are the male gametes produced during spermatogenesis called?
What are the male gametes produced during spermatogenesis called?
sperm cells (spermatozoa)
Semen is composed of sperm cells and _______ contributed by the accessory glands.
Semen is composed of sperm cells and _______ contributed by the accessory glands.
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Match the hormone to its source:
Match the hormone to its source:
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What is the primary function of the Leydig cells?
What is the primary function of the Leydig cells?
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to produce testosterone?
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The urethra only serves to transport urine, not semen.
The urethra only serves to transport urine, not semen.
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What role does the cremaster muscle play in temperature regulation?
What role does the cremaster muscle play in temperature regulation?
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Sperm cells contain 46 chromosomes.
Sperm cells contain 46 chromosomes.
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What percentage of semen volume is contributed by the seminal vesicles?
What percentage of semen volume is contributed by the seminal vesicles?
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The _______ ducts are responsible for delivering semen to the prostatic urethra during ejaculation.
The _______ ducts are responsible for delivering semen to the prostatic urethra during ejaculation.
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Match the following muscles with their functions:
Match the following muscles with their functions:
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What does the vas deferens specifically do?
What does the vas deferens specifically do?
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The darts muscle relaxes to increase heat retention in the scrotum.
The darts muscle relaxes to increase heat retention in the scrotum.
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What happens to the dartos muscle in response to cold temperatures?
What happens to the dartos muscle in response to cold temperatures?
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What is the primary function of the clitoris?
What is the primary function of the clitoris?
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The labia majora and labia minora are both involved in the protection of the vaginal opening.
The labia majora and labia minora are both involved in the protection of the vaginal opening.
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What is the name of the canal through which sperm enter during sexual intercourse?
What is the name of the canal through which sperm enter during sexual intercourse?
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The __________ is a muscular, tubular organ that connects the external genitalia to the uterus.
The __________ is a muscular, tubular organ that connects the external genitalia to the uterus.
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Which layer of the uterus is responsible for shedding during the menstrual cycle?
Which layer of the uterus is responsible for shedding during the menstrual cycle?
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Match the following structures with their functions:
Match the following structures with their functions:
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The hymen fully covers the vaginal opening at birth.
The hymen fully covers the vaginal opening at birth.
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How long is the human vagina approximately?
How long is the human vagina approximately?
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What is one of the primary functions of oestrogen in women?
What is one of the primary functions of oestrogen in women?
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Progesterone prevents premature menstruation.
Progesterone prevents premature menstruation.
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Name one way oestrogen contributes to bone health.
Name one way oestrogen contributes to bone health.
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The hormone primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining after ovulation is __________.
The hormone primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining after ovulation is __________.
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Match the following hormones with their corresponding functions:
Match the following hormones with their corresponding functions:
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Which of the following is a function of progesterone?
Which of the following is a function of progesterone?
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Oestrogen helps regulate mood and reduces the risk of depression.
Oestrogen helps regulate mood and reduces the risk of depression.
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What effect does progesterone have on cervical mucus during pregnancy?
What effect does progesterone have on cervical mucus during pregnancy?
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Oestrogen is involved in the __________ of the menstrual cycle.
Oestrogen is involved in the __________ of the menstrual cycle.
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How does oestrogen affect cholesterol levels?
How does oestrogen affect cholesterol levels?
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What triggers the LH surge that initiates ovulation?
What triggers the LH surge that initiates ovulation?
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The corpus luteum is formed before ovulation takes place.
The corpus luteum is formed before ovulation takes place.
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What hormone is primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
What hormone is primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?
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The __________ phase is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum.
The __________ phase is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum.
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Match the hormones with their roles:
Match the hormones with their roles:
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During which days does the luteal phase occur?
During which days does the luteal phase occur?
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Ovulation is the only time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization can occur.
Ovulation is the only time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization can occur.
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What is the role of oestrogen during the follicular phase?
What is the role of oestrogen during the follicular phase?
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What is the primary role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
What is the primary role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
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The endometrial lining becomes less vascularized during the luteal phase.
The endometrial lining becomes less vascularized during the luteal phase.
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What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?
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In the secretory phase, the endometrium appears __________ and is richly prepared to support a fertilized egg.
In the secretory phase, the endometrium appears __________ and is richly prepared to support a fertilized egg.
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Match the hormone to its role in endometrial changes:
Match the hormone to its role in endometrial changes:
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Which hormone primarily stimulates the secretion of nutrients and substances from endometrial glands?
Which hormone primarily stimulates the secretion of nutrients and substances from endometrial glands?
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The decline in progesterone levels results in the shedding of the endometrial lining.
The decline in progesterone levels results in the shedding of the endometrial lining.
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What structural changes occur to the endometrial glands during the secretory phase?
What structural changes occur to the endometrial glands during the secretory phase?
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- The male reproductive system produces, stores, and transports sperm.
- Key components include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis.
- Testes are oval-shaped glands in the scrotum.
- Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules within the testes, producing sperm. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells.
- Epididymis is a coiled tube on the testis surface, maturing and storing sperm.
- Vas deferens transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
- Seminal vesicles secrete fructose-rich fluid for sperm energy.
- The prostate gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in the female reproductive tract.
- Bulbourethral glands secrete a clear fluid that lubricates the urethra.
- Urethra is a tube running through the penis, carrying urine and semen.
- Penis is the organ of copulation.
- Scrotum regulates temperature for optimal sperm production.
Female Reproductive System
- The female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs, sexual function, and hormone regulation.
- External genitalia (vulva) include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening.
- Internal genitalia include vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
- Vagina is a muscular tube connecting external genitalia to the uterus.
- Uterus is a pear-shaped organ for implantation and foetal development. Three layers: endometrium (innermost, sheds during menstruation), myometrium (muscle layer for contractions), and perimetrium (outer layer).
- Cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus, connecting to the vagina, and serving as a barrier to infection.
- Fallopian tubes, connecting uterus to ovaries, transport eggs, and are the site of fertilisation.
- Ovaries are almond-shaped organs producing eggs (oogenesis) and hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone).
Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis
- Spermatogenesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
- GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) release from the pituitary.
- LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which is crucial for spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.
- FSH stimulates Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules, supporting developing sperm.
- Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, providing negative feedback on FSH production.
- Testosterone's negative feedback loop regulates its production.
Semen's Composition and Function
- Semen is a fluid that contains sperm and fluids produced by accessory glands.
- Sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules of the testes.
- Seminal vesicle fluid is 60-70% of the semen volume and contains fructose for sperm energy and prostaglandins.
- Prostate fluid (20-30% of semen volume) is alkaline to neutralize acidity in the female tract.
- Bulbourethral glands provide pre-ejaculate fluid, lubricating and neutralizing the urethra.
Functions of Testosterone and DHT
- Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, produced by Leydig cells in the testes.
- Testosterone is crucial for male sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis, muscle mass, bone density, and mood.
- DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is a more potent androgen, derived from testosterone, influencing male sex characteristics like prostate development and hair growth.
Female Reproductive Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle
- Oestrogen is produced primarily by ovaries, promoting secondary sexual characteristics, regulating the menstrual cycle, and supporting pregnancy.
- Progesterone is produced primarily by the corpus luteum and placenta, maintaining the endometrium for potential implantation, preventing premature menstruation, and supporting pregnancy.
- The menstrual cycle's phases include the follicular phase (endometrium thickening), ovulation (egg release), and the luteal phase (progesterone dominance).
Parturition (Childbirth)
- Parturition involves uterine contractions, cervical dilation, and the delivery of the baby and placenta.
- Relaxin softens the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments.
- Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labour (Ferguson reflex).
- Childbirth stages: dilation and effacement, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta.
Physiological Adaptations During Pregnancy
- Pregnancy involves substantial physiological changes across various systems.
- Circulatory system adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, and impaired venous return.
- Respiratory system adaptations include increased ventilation and diaphragm elevation, enabling increased oxygen demand.
- GI system adapts to progesterone's effects resulting in decreased motility and potential nausea.
- Endocrine system adapts to produce and regulate hormones like hCG, progesterone, oestrogen, and hPL for maternal energy and Foetal well-being.
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Description
Explore the key components and functions of the male reproductive system. This quiz covers the anatomy, sperm production, and the roles of various glands and structures involved in male reproduction. Test your knowledge on topics such as spermatogenesis, the functions of the testes, and the transport of sperm.
