Reproductive System
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of testosterone?

  • Stimulates release of LH and FSH
  • Inhibits FSH secretion
  • Stimulates Sertoli cells
  • Promotes spermatogenesis and supports sperm maturation (correct)

Inhibin promotes the secretion of FSH to regulate spermatogenesis.

False (B)

What are the male gametes produced during spermatogenesis called?

sperm cells (spermatozoa)

Semen is composed of sperm cells and _______ contributed by the accessory glands.

<p>seminal fluid (seminal plasma)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone to its source:

<p>Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) = Hypothalamus Luteinizing Hormone (LH) = Anterior pituitary Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) = Anterior pituitary Testosterone = Leydig cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Leydig cells?

<p>Produce testosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for stimulating Leydig cells to produce testosterone?

<p>LH (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The urethra only serves to transport urine, not semen.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cremaster muscle play in temperature regulation?

<p>It pulls the testes closer to the body in cold temperatures and relaxes in warm conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Sperm cells contain 46 chromosomes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of semen volume is contributed by the seminal vesicles?

<p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

The _______ ducts are responsible for delivering semen to the prostatic urethra during ejaculation.

<p>ejaculatory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following muscles with their functions:

<p>Cremaster Muscle = Lifts the testes for warmth Dartos Muscle = Wrinkles the scrotum for heat conservation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the vas deferens specifically do?

<p>Stores sperm temporarily (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The darts muscle relaxes to increase heat retention in the scrotum.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the dartos muscle in response to cold temperatures?

<p>It contracts, causing the scrotum to wrinkle and reduce its surface area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the clitoris?

<p>Female sexual pleasure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The labia majora and labia minora are both involved in the protection of the vaginal opening.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the canal through which sperm enter during sexual intercourse?

<p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ is a muscular, tubular organ that connects the external genitalia to the uterus.

<p>vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the uterus is responsible for shedding during the menstrual cycle?

<p>Endometrium (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following structures with their functions:

<p>Labia Majora = Protect internal reproductive organs Clitoris = Responsible for female sexual pleasure Urethral Opening = Expels urine from the bladder Vaginal Opening = Entrance to the vagina, birth canal</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hymen fully covers the vaginal opening at birth.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How long is the human vagina approximately?

<p>8 to 10 cm</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary functions of oestrogen in women?

<p>Development of secondary sexual characteristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Progesterone prevents premature menstruation.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one way oestrogen contributes to bone health.

<p>Maintains bone density by promoting osteoblast activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The hormone primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining after ovulation is __________.

<p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hormones with their corresponding functions:

<p>Oestrogen = Improves cholesterol levels Progesterone = Prevents uterine contractions during pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of progesterone?

<p>Prevents uterine contractions during pregnancy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oestrogen helps regulate mood and reduces the risk of depression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does progesterone have on cervical mucus during pregnancy?

<p>Thickens cervical mucus</p> Signup and view all the answers

Oestrogen is involved in the __________ of the menstrual cycle.

<p>regulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oestrogen affect cholesterol levels?

<p>Lowers LDL and raises HDL levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What triggers the LH surge that initiates ovulation?

<p>Rising levels of oestrogen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The corpus luteum is formed before ovulation takes place.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is primarily responsible for stabilizing the endometrial lining during the luteal phase?

<p>progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ phase is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum.

<p>luteal</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormones with their roles:

<p>GnRH = Stimulates release of FSH and LH from the pituitary gland FSH = Stimulates growth of ovarian follicles Oestrogen = Inhibits FSH and stimulates LH surge Progesterone = Prepares endometrium for potential implantation</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which days does the luteal phase occur?

<p>Days 15-28 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Ovulation is the only time in the menstrual cycle when fertilization can occur.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oestrogen during the follicular phase?

<p>Stimulates endometrial lining growth and regulates FSH and LH secretion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of progesterone during the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?

<p>Prepares the endometrium for potential implantation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The endometrial lining becomes less vascularized during the luteal phase.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization does not occur?

<p>It degenerates and leads to a decline in progesterone and oestrogen levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the secretory phase, the endometrium appears __________ and is richly prepared to support a fertilized egg.

<p>thick and velvety</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the hormone to its role in endometrial changes:

<p>Oestrogen = Stimulates regeneration of the endometrium Progesterone = Prepares endometrium for implantation FSH = Stimulates follicle development LH = Stimulates ovulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone primarily stimulates the secretion of nutrients and substances from endometrial glands?

<p>Progesterone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The decline in progesterone levels results in the shedding of the endometrial lining.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural changes occur to the endometrial glands during the secretory phase?

<p>The glands become more coiled and filled with secretions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Leydig cells function

Produce testosterone, the primary male sex hormone.

Ejaculatory ducts' function

Combine sperm and seminal vesicle fluid and transport it to the urethra during ejaculation.

Urethra function

A tube carrying urine from the bladder and semen from the ejaculatory duct outside the body. Transports sperm during arousal.

Cremaster muscle's role

Regulates testes temperature by moving them closer or farther from the body.

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Dartos muscle function

Adjusts scrotum wrinkling to regulate temperature; constricts in cold and expands in heat.

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Vas deferens function

Moves sperm from epididymis to urethra during ejaculation; stores sperm temporarily.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production.

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Secondary sexual characteristics

Features that are distinguished between the sexes, facial hair development and deepening of the voice.

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Sperm cell function

To fertilize the female egg (oocyte) during sexual reproduction.

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Seminal fluid components

Seminal plasma, provided by accessory glands (like seminal vesicles).

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Seminal vesicles role

Contributes 60-70% of semen volume.

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Testosterone's role

Supports spermatogenesis, sperm maturation, and male characteristics.

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GnRH function

Stimulates the release of LH and FSH from the anterior pituitary.

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FSH's function

Stimulates Sertoli cells, supporting sperm development and inhibin production.

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Labia Majora

Outer, thicker folds of skin protecting internal reproductive organs.

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Labia Minora

Inner, thinner folds of skin within labia majora.

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Clitoris

Small, sensitive organ at top of labia minora; primary for female pleasure.

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Urethral Opening

Opening for urine exiting the bladder.

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Vaginal Opening

Entrance to vagina, between urethral opening and anus.

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Vagina

Muscular, tubular organ connecting external genitalia to uterus.

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Uterus

Hollow, pear-shaped organ in pelvic cavity; houses fetus.

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Endometrium

Innermost layer of uterus; thickens & sheds during menstrual cycle.

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Dominant follicle function

The dominant follicle secretes high levels of oestrogen, which stimulates the endometrial lining to grow and prepares it for potential implantation.

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Oestrogen's feedback loop

Oestrogen regulates the secretion of FSH and LH through a negative feedback loop. High oestrogen levels initially inhibit FSH production to prevent the maturation of additional follicles.

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LH surge trigger

Rising oestrogen levels induce a positive feedback mechanism that causes a sharp increase in LH levels, known as the LH surge.

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Ovulation: What happens?

The LH surge triggers ovulation (the release of the egg) at the end of the follicular phase.

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Luteal phase

The luteal phase begins after ovulation and lasts until the start of menstruation (Days 15-28). It is characterized by the formation of the corpus luteum and the secretion of progesterone, which prepares the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.

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Corpus luteum function

The corpus luteum secretes progesterone, which increases the blood supply to the endometrium, making it thicker and more glandular to support implantation.

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Progesterone vs. Oestrogen

Progesterone is the dominant hormone in the luteal phase, while oestrogen plays a supporting role.

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Luteal phase key events

The key events of the luteal phase include the formation of the corpus luteum and its secretion of progesterone, preparing the endometrium for possible implantation.

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Menstrual cycle regulation

The menstrual cycle is controlled by hormones from the hypothalamus (releasing GnRH), pituitary gland (releasing FSH and LH), and ovaries (producing estrogen and progesterone).

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Hypothalamus' role in the menstrual cycle

The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), which stimulates the pituitary gland to release follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH).

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Pituitary gland's role in the menstrual cycle

The pituitary gland, stimulated by GnRH, releases FSH and LH. FSH stimulates follicle growth in the ovary, while LH triggers ovulation.

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Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

FSH promotes the growth and development of ovarian follicles, which contain eggs.

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Luteinizing hormone (LH)

LH triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary. It also helps in the formation of the corpus luteum.

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Estrogen's role in the menstrual cycle

Estrogen, produced by the ovaries, stimulates the development of the uterine lining (endometrium) and prepares the body for ovulation.

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Progesterone's role in the menstrual cycle

Progesterone, also produced by the ovaries, maintains the thickened uterine lining after ovulation. It prepares the uterus for implantation if fertilization occurs.

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Uterine cycle phases

The uterine cycle has three phases: the menstrual phase (shedding of the lining), proliferative phase (building up the lining), and secretory phase (maintaining the lining).

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Menstrual phase

The menstrual phase is the shedding of the uterine lining (endometrium) if fertilization does not occur.

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Proliferative phase

The proliferative phase is the thickening and rebuilding of the uterine lining, under the influence of estrogen.

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Corpus Luteum's Role

The corpus luteum, a temporary structure formed after ovulation, produces high levels of progesterone and smaller amounts of estrogen. These hormones stimulate the endometrium to thicken, prepare for potential implantation by increasing glandular secretions, vascularization, and oedema.

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Progesterone's Impact on Endometrium

Progesterone, primarily secreted by the corpus luteum, prepares the endometrium for potential implantation. It promotes glandular secretions, increases vascularization, and causes oedema, making the endometrium thicker, spongy, and more receptive to an embryo.

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Endometrial Changes in the Secretory Phase

The endometrium undergoes significant changes during the secretory phase. The lining continues to thicken, glands become coiled and filled with secretions, spiral arteries become more developed, and the endometrium becomes more oedematous. These changes ensure the endometrium is ready to support a potential embryo.

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Fate of Endometrium if No Pregnancy

If fertilization doesn't occur, the corpus luteum degenerates, leading to a decline in progesterone and estrogen levels. This causes the functional layer of the endometrium to break down, resulting in menstrual bleeding and the start of a new menstrual cycle.

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Oestrogen's Role in Endometrial Changes

Oestrogen, secreted by ovarian follicles, stimulates the regeneration and thickening of the endometrial lining during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle. This prepares the endometrium for potential implantation.

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FSH's Role in Menstrual Cycle

FSH, released from the anterior pituitary, stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of oestrogen during the early menstrual cycle.

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LH's Role in Menstrual Cycle

LH, released from the anterior pituitary, triggers ovulation, the release of an egg from the ovary. It also stimulates the formation of the corpus luteum from the ruptured follicle.

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Hormonal Regulation of Endometrium

The regulation of endometrial changes is primarily controlled by the interplay of oestrogen and progesterone. Oestrogen promotes growth and thickening during the proliferative phase, while progesterone prepares the endometrium for implantation during the secretory phase.

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Study Notes

Male Reproductive System

  • The male reproductive system produces, stores, and transports sperm.
  • Key components include the testes, epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands, urethra, and penis.
  • Testes are oval-shaped glands in the scrotum.
  • Spermatogenesis occurs in seminiferous tubules within the testes, producing sperm. Testosterone is secreted by Leydig cells.
  • Epididymis is a coiled tube on the testis surface, maturing and storing sperm.
  • Vas deferens transports mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.
  • Seminal vesicles secrete fructose-rich fluid for sperm energy.
  • The prostate gland secretes an alkaline fluid that neutralizes acidity in the female reproductive tract.
  • Bulbourethral glands secrete a clear fluid that lubricates the urethra.
  • Urethra is a tube running through the penis, carrying urine and semen.
  • Penis is the organ of copulation.
  • Scrotum regulates temperature for optimal sperm production.

Female Reproductive System

  • The female reproductive system is responsible for producing eggs, sexual function, and hormone regulation.
  • External genitalia (vulva) include mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening.
  • Internal genitalia include vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries.
  • Vagina is a muscular tube connecting external genitalia to the uterus.
  • Uterus is a pear-shaped organ for implantation and foetal development. Three layers: endometrium (innermost, sheds during menstruation), myometrium (muscle layer for contractions), and perimetrium (outer layer).
  • Cervix is the lower, narrow portion of the uterus, connecting to the vagina, and serving as a barrier to infection.
  • Fallopian tubes, connecting uterus to ovaries, transport eggs, and are the site of fertilisation.
  • Ovaries are almond-shaped organs producing eggs (oogenesis) and hormones (e.g., estrogen, progesterone).

Hormonal Regulation of Spermatogenesis

  • Spermatogenesis is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis.
  • GnRH (gonadotropin-releasing hormone) from the hypothalamus stimulates LH (luteinizing hormone) and FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone) release from the pituitary.
  • LH stimulates Leydig cells in the testes to produce testosterone, which is crucial for spermatogenesis and secondary sexual characteristics.
  • FSH stimulates Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules, supporting developing sperm.
  • Sertoli cells secrete inhibin, providing negative feedback on FSH production.
  • Testosterone's negative feedback loop regulates its production.

Semen's Composition and Function

  • Semen is a fluid that contains sperm and fluids produced by accessory glands.
  • Sperm are produced in seminiferous tubules of the testes.
  • Seminal vesicle fluid is 60-70% of the semen volume and contains fructose for sperm energy and prostaglandins.
  • Prostate fluid (20-30% of semen volume) is alkaline to neutralize acidity in the female tract.
  • Bulbourethral glands provide pre-ejaculate fluid, lubricating and neutralizing the urethra.

Functions of Testosterone and DHT

  • Testosterone is the primary male sex hormone, produced by Leydig cells in the testes.
  • Testosterone is crucial for male sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis, muscle mass, bone density, and mood.
  • DHT (dihydrotestosterone) is a more potent androgen, derived from testosterone, influencing male sex characteristics like prostate development and hair growth.

Female Reproductive Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle

  • Oestrogen is produced primarily by ovaries, promoting secondary sexual characteristics, regulating the menstrual cycle, and supporting pregnancy.
  • Progesterone is produced primarily by the corpus luteum and placenta, maintaining the endometrium for potential implantation, preventing premature menstruation, and supporting pregnancy.
  • The menstrual cycle's phases include the follicular phase (endometrium thickening), ovulation (egg release), and the luteal phase (progesterone dominance).

Parturition (Childbirth)

  • Parturition involves uterine contractions, cervical dilation, and the delivery of the baby and placenta.
  • Relaxin softens the cervix and relaxes pelvic ligaments.
  • Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labour (Ferguson reflex).
  • Childbirth stages: dilation and effacement, delivery of the baby, and delivery of the placenta.

Physiological Adaptations During Pregnancy

  • Pregnancy involves substantial physiological changes across various systems.
  • Circulatory system adaptations include increased blood volume and cardiac output, and impaired venous return.
  • Respiratory system adaptations include increased ventilation and diaphragm elevation, enabling increased oxygen demand.
  • GI system adapts to progesterone's effects resulting in decreased motility and potential nausea.
  • Endocrine system adapts to produce and regulate hormones like hCG, progesterone, oestrogen, and hPL for maternal energy and Foetal well-being.

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Module 3 Reproductive System PDF

Description

Explore the key components and functions of the male reproductive system. This quiz covers the anatomy, sperm production, and the roles of various glands and structures involved in male reproduction. Test your knowledge on topics such as spermatogenesis, the functions of the testes, and the transport of sperm.

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