Male Reproductive System

• Both sexes have reproductive organs called genitals or genitalia
• Genitals or genitalia are designed for the purpose of intercourse and conception

Male Reproductive System

• Male reproductive organs perform intercourse, reproduction, and urination

Male Reproductive Organs

• External genital organs include the penis and scrotum
• Internal genital organs include the testis, epididymis, vas deferens, and accessory glands
• Accessory glands are seminal vesicles, prostate gland, an bulbourethral glands

Penis

• The penis is an external organ that gives males physical pleasure during orgasm.
• It is impossible to ejaculate and urinate at the same time.
• The purpose of the penis is to deposit semen in the vagina during sexual intercourse
• The head of the penis, or glans, contains many nerve endings
• The Glans is covered by a loose skin called the foreskin at birth.
• 5-7 inches is the average length of an erect penis

Scrotum

• The Scrotum is a sac-like pouch located behind the penis
• It holds the testes
• The scrotum regulates temperature for sperm production
• Located below the penis, the Scrotum has two purposes hold the testes and is a climate control center
• Climate control maintains the testes are three to four degrees below normal body temperature

Testes

• Found inside the scrotum, beneath the penis
• They are also known as balls or nuts
• Testes produce sperm cells in the seminiferous tubules
• Sperm is the male reproductive cell
• The two testes are small organs that lie in the scrotum
• Testes produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone.
• The testicles are considered the male sex gland
• The testicles are outside the main body
• Sperm needs cooler-than-body temperature for normal growth and development
• Testes are the counterpart to the female's ovaries
• Losing testicle does not impair the function of the other.
• Four to five billion sperm cells are produced each month
• Each testis is made of tightly coiled structures called seminiferous rubles
• Cells among the tubules produce testosterone

Epididymis

• There are 2 Epididymis for each testicle for a total of 4
• The Epididymis is coiled tubing that sotres sperm for up to 6 weeks
• If ununsed the spam is reabsorbed
• Coiled tubing is 20 feet long
• The Epididymis forms a mass over the back and upper part of each testes

Vas Deferens

• There are two vas deferens, one from each testicle
• They carry sperm from the testicle to the urethra
• The vas deferens are long tubes, about 18 inches long

Urethra

• A tube that extends through the length of the penis
• The tube leads out of the body
• Urine and sperm exit out of this tube

Prostate

• Located beneath the bladder and surrounds the urethra
• The prostate provides a fluid that nourishes the sperm
• It allows for greater mobility of the sperm

Cowper's Gland

• Sends a clear fluid through the penis before ejaculation that neutralizes any urine (acidic)
• It acts as a lubricant

Accessory Glands

• These glands produce nourishing fluids for the sperms that enters the urethra
• Seminal Vesicles are sac-like structures attached to the vas deferens at one side of the bladder
• They produce a sticky yellowish fluid that contains fructose
• The Prostate Gland surrounds the ejaculatory ducts at the base of the urethra, just below the bladder.
• It is responsible for making semen, a mixture of sperm cells, prostate fluid and seminal fluid
• The Bulbourethral Glands are two small glands located on the sides of the urethra just below the prostate gland
• The Bulbourethral Glands produce a clear, slippery fluid that empties directly into the urethra.

Male Reproductive System Review

• The main function of the male reproductive system is to produce sperm cells and deliver them to the female reproductive system
• The Male reproductve system consists of external and internal genital organs which are essential for the continuous reproduction of life

Sperm

• Sperm's function is to move and carry genetic information to the egg
• Head: has a large head region of the sperm that contains DNA
• Midpiece: The narrow middle part of the cell contains mitochondria
• Tail: The wavelike motion of the flagellum propels the sperm forward

Pathway of Sperm

• Testes is where the sperm is manufactured
• Epididymis recieves immature sperm from the testis and stores it for several days
• When ejaculation occurs, sperm is forcefully expelled from the tail of the epididymis into the vas deference.
• The vas deferens joins with seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct, which passes through the prostate and empties into the urethra.

Ejaculation

• Ejaculation is the discharge of semen (sperm, seminal fluid, prostate fluid) from the penis
• During orgasm, the semen is forcefully expelled from the body by strong muscular contractions of sperm ducts
• At the peak of sexual arousal, muscles in the epididymis, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and vas deferens contract.
• At the same time, a sphincter muscle at the base of the bladder contracts, preventing urine from leaking into the urethra from the bladder
• Another sphincter also contracts, closing off the entrance of the urethra into the penis.
• In the second stage of ejaculation, expulsion stage, the sphincter at the base of the penis relaxes, admitting semen into the penis
• Simultaneously, strong muscle contractions around the base of the penis and along the urethra expels the semen from the body

Female Reproductive System

• The main parths are the fallopian tube, uterus, ovary, cervix and vagina
• The female reproductis system produces sex hormones (Estrogen, Progesterone)
• It produces egg (ova)
• The female reproductive sustem support and protects a developing embryo and gives birth to new baby

Cervix

• It is lined with mucus, known as cervical mucus
• It provides lubrication and sperm transport during sexual intercourse
• During ovulation secretion of cervical mucus increases in response to estrogen
• Sperm travels better into the tubes to reach the egg when mucus becomes then and slippery
• At pregnancy, the Cervix aacts as the passage through which the baby exits from the uterus into the vagina
• The cervical canal expands to roughly 50 times its normal width for the passage of the baby during birth

Vagina

• A muscular, ridged sheath connecting the external genitals to the uterus.
• It functions as a two-way street, accepting the penis and sperm during intercourse
• It serves as the avenue of birth through which the new baby enters the world

Fallopian Tubes

• They stretch from the uterus to the ovaries and measure about 8 to 13 cm in length
• The ends of the fallopian tubes lying next to the ovaries feather into ends called fimbria
• Millions of tiny hair-like cilia line the fimbria and interior of the fallopian tubes
• The cilia beat in waves hundreds of times a second catching the egg at ovulation and moving it through the tube to the uterine cavity
• Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube

Ovaries

• The ovaries are also known as female gonads
• They produce eggs (also called ova)
• Every female is born with a lifetime supply of eggs
• They also produce hormones like Estrogen and Progesterone

Uterus

• Pear-shaped muscular organ in the female reproductive tract
• The fundus is the upper portion of the uterus where pregnancy occurs
• The cervix is the lower portion of the uterus that connects with the vagina and serves as a sphincter, keeping the uterus closed during pregnancy until it is time to deliver a baby
• The uterus expands considerably during pregnancy, growing to from 10 to 20 times its normal size

Uterus body

• A firm outer coat of muscle (myometrium) and an inner lining of vascular, glandular material (endometrium).
• The endometrium thickens during the menstrual cycle to allow implantation of a fertilized egg.
• Pregnancy occurs when the fertilized egg implants successfully into the endometrial lining

Endometrium

• It is the innermost layer lining for the uterus
• During the menstrual cycle, it grows to a thick, blood vessel-rich, glandular tissue layer
• The uterus creates an optimal environment for the implantation of a blastocyst upon its arrival.
• The endometrium is central, echogenic
• Detectable when using ultrasound scanners, the endometrium has an average thickness of 6.7 mm
• During pregnancy, the blood vessels in the endometrium further increase in size and number, forming the placenta
• The placenta supplies the developing embryo and fetus with oxygen and nutrition

Female External Genitalia

• The external female genitalia comprise the mons pubis, clitoris, labia minora, labia majora, anus and urethral orifice

Vulva

• The Vulva extends from the area in front of the pubic area downward to the anus
• It is the collective name for all the external genitals
• The vulva has 3 main functions: enabling sperm to enter the body;protecting the internal genitalia from infections;providing sexual pleasure.

Mons Pubis

• A rounded mound of fatty tissue that covers the pubic bone
• At puberty it becomes covered with hair

Labia Majora

• "Greater lips" surround the vagina containing two glands (Bartholin's gland) which help lubrication during intercourse
• They are comparable to the scrotum in male

Labia Minora

• "Lesser lips" are thin hairless ridges at the entrance of the vagina, which joins behind and in front
• In front they split to enclose the clitoris

Clitoris

• Located between the labia minora at their upper end, is a small protrusion that correspond to penis in male
• Very sensitive to sexual stimulation and can become erect
• It covered by a fold of skin called the prepuce and is very sensitive to stimulation

Urethral Orifice

• The urethral orifice is the external urinary opening and is below the clitoris on the upper wall of the vagina
• It serves as the passage for urine

Vaginal Orifice

• The opening of the vagina is separate from the urinary opening and located below it The hymen is a thin cresentic fold of tissue which partially covers it
• Medically it is no longer considered to be a 100% proof of female virginity.