Male Reproductive System

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Questions and Answers

What is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes?

Reproductive System

What are the organs that produce gametes in both male and female reproductive systems called?

Gonads

What type of cell is a gamete?

Haploid cell

What is a zygote?

<p>A single diploid cell formed by the combination of a haploid gamete with another haploid gamete during fertilization.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hormones control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction?

<p>Sex hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following functions are performed by other reproductive system organs?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a scrotum?

<p>A loose pouch-like sac of skin that hangs behind the penis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the median septum that divides the fibro-muscular pouch of the scrotum into two compartments called?

<p>Raphe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure divides the scrotum into two parts, each containing one testis?

<p>Vertical septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what range of temperature must testes be kept for normal sperm development?

<p>Slightly cooler than the body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What allows the testes to move closer to the body for warmth and protection, or farther away to cool the temperature?

<p>Special muscles in the wall of the scrotum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the temperature range required for spermatogenesis?

<p>Three to five degrees Fahrenheit below body temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cartilaginous tissue capsule surrounds the testes?

<p>Tunica Albuginea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures divide each testis into cone-shaped testicular lobules?

<p>Septa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structures contain seminiferous tubules?

<p>Lobules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does sperm development occur?

<p>Seminiferous tubules</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the immature male gametes before puberty called?

<p>Spermatogonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the mature male gametes after puberty called?

<p>Spermatozoa</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of sperm formation, as it occurs in the testes, called?

<p>Spermatogenesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sertoli cells?

<p>They form the blood-testes barrier, secrete androgen-binding protein, and play a vital role in the production of sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?

<p>FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sertoli cells in men?

<p>Helps to keep the reproductive system in check.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Sertoli cells in women?

<p>FSH stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles before the release of an egg during ovulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete?

<p>Inhibin</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Leydig cells, also called interstitial cells?

<p>They secrete testosterone in response to LH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is LH?

<p>Luteinizing hormone, also known as interstitial cell-stimulating hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LH in men?

<p>It stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes, working hand-in-hand with FSH to regulate reproductive processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of LH in women?

<p>It stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue type lines the Straight Tubules or Tubular Rectus?

<p>Simple cuboidal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What cell type is also present in the Straight Tubules?

<p>Sertoli Cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue type lines the Rete Testis?

<p>Simple cuboidal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissue lines the Efferent Ductules?

<p>Alternating simple cuboidal non-ciliated and simple columnar ciliated cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the epididymis?

<p>Comma-shaped</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial lining does the epididymis have?

<p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the epididymis?

<p>Head, Body, and Tail</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells make up the epididymis?

<p>Principal cells and stem cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

From what part of the reproductive system does the Ductus Deferens emerge?

<p>The tail of the Epididymis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lining does the Ductus Deferens have?

<p>Pseudostratified epithelium with stereocilia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the thick muscularis layer in the Ductus Deferens?

<p>It helps propel sperm forward during ejaculation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of the Spermatic Cord?

<p>Blood Vessels, Nerves, and Ductus Deferens</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the Ejaculatory Duct formed?

<p>By the short duct from the seminal vesicle and the ampulla of the Ductus Deferens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where do the Ejaculatory Ducts project into?

<p>The prostate gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelial lining does the Ejaculatory Duct have?

<p>Pseudostratified and Simple Columnar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are the Seminal Vesicles?

<p>Exocrine glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consistency of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?

<p>Viscid and yellowish.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone is crucial for the production of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?

<p>Testosterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the Seminal Vesicles?

<p>Simple or pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the components of Seminal fluid?

<p>Fructose, prostaglandin, and fibrinogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the Bulbourethral glands?

<p>Cowper's glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are the Bulbourethral glands?

<p>Tubulo-acinar glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What substances surround the secretory units of the Bulbourethral glands?

<p>Smooth muscle cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lining do the Bulbourethral glands have?

<p>Mucus-secreting (alkaline pH), simple columnar epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term "pre-ejaculate" refer to?

<p>The alkaline mucus secreted by the Bulbourethral glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the urethra described?

<p>It is a tube that carries urine and male reproductive fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three parts of the urethra?

<p>Prostatic, Membranous, and Penile urethra</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the penile urethra?

<p>It serves as the passageway for urine and ejaculated sperm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the male organ of copulation called?

<p>Penis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of lining does the penis have?

<p>Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the body of the penis?

<p>Three cylindrical masses of erectile tissue, including 2 corpora cavernosa and 1 corpus spongiosum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cartilaginous tissue capsule that covers the corpora cavernosa of the penis?

<p>Tunica Albuginea</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cap formed from the expansion of the corpus spongiosum?

<p>The glans penis, the sensitive head of the penis, is composed of the corpus spongiosum and plays a crucial role in sexual sensation and arousal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis?

<p>Foreskin (or Prepuce)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the irregular ridge that marks the midline of the external part of the scrotum?

<p>Raphe</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the female reproductive organs called?

<p>Ovaries</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two parts of the ovaries?

<p>Cortex and Medulla.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is crucial to reproductive health?

<p>Corpus luteum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?

<p>Progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?

<p>It produces progesterone to support the uterine lining for a potential pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Aside from progesterone, what other hormone does the corpus luteum produce?

<p>Estrogen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the uterine tubes also known as?

<p>Oviducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different regions of the uterine tubes?

<p>Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, and the uterine/intramural part.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the uterine tubes?

<p>Simple columnar epithelium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tissue layer supports the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine tubes?

<p>Lamina propria of loose connective tissue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the shape of the uterus?

<p>Pear-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different parts of the uterus?

<p>Fundus, body, isthmus, and cervix.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the different layers of the uterus?

<p>Perimetrium, myometrium, and endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where does implantation occur in the uterus?

<p>The endometrium.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What hormones cause the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?

<p>Estrogen and progesterone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the endometrium after the corpus luteum sloughs off?

<p>It sloughs off during menstruation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is oxytocin often called?

<p>Love hormone.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the key roles of oxytocin?

<p>Social bonding, sexual reproduction, childbirth, and the period after childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of oxytocin in childbirth?

<p>Both A and B (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxytocin aid in breastfeeding?

<p>It promotes the ejection of milk from the mammary glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does oxytocin influence bonding?

<p>It enhances bonding between mother and infant, social bonding between adults, and fosters trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of oxytocin on emotional regulation?

<p>It influences emotional responses and helps reduce stress and anxiety.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the female organ for copulation called?

<p>Vagina</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the opening of the vagina called?

<p>Vaginal orifice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What covers the vaginal opening?

<p>Hymen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the larger pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?

<p>Labia majora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the smaller pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?

<p>Labia minora.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva?

<p>Clitoris.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main components of the clitoris?

<p>Corpora cavernosa, glans clitoris, and two crura.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are the crura of the clitoris formed?

<p>They are formed by the unattached parts of the two corpora cavernosa.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the clitoris to become erect?

<p>When the female is aroused sexually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the mammary glands?

<p>Breasts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of glands are mammary glands?

<p>Compound tubuloalveolar glands.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the pigmented area surrounding the nipple?

<p>Areola.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tissues are present in the nipple?

<p>Sebaceous glands, sensory nerves, and smooth muscle fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the smooth muscle fibers in the nipple?

<p>They contract to produce nipple erection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the excretory ducts that emerge independently in the nipples called?

<p>Lactiferous ducts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of myoepithelial cells in the breasts?

<p>They surround the alveoli and contract to expel milk.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for the suspensory ligaments in the breasts?

<p>Cooper's Ligaments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breasts?

<p>They support the breasts structurally.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Reproductive System

The human organ system responsible for gamete production, fertilization, and, in females, fetal development.

Gamete

A haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete to form a diploid zygote.

Zygote

A single diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes.

Gonads

Organs that produce gametes and sex hormones.

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Scrotum

A pouch-like sac of skin that holds the testes and helps regulate their temperature to maintain sperm production.

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Testes

Male gonads that produce sperm and testosterone.

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Spermatogenesis

The process of sperm production in the seminiferous tubules of the testes.

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Seminiferous Tubules

The site within the testes where spermatogenesis occurs; lined with Sertoli and germ cells.

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Sertoli Cells

Cells in the seminiferous tubules that support and nourish developing sperm; form blood-testis barrier.

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Leydig Cells

Interstitial cells in the testes that produce testosterone.

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Testosterone

The primary male sex hormone, crucial for male sexual development and reproduction.

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FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)

A hormone that stimulates the production of sperm.

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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

A hormone that stimulates the production of testosterone.

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Study Notes

Male Reproductive System

  • Organs produce sperm and hormones
  • Gonads produce gametes
  • Gametes combine during fertilisation to form a zygote
  • Hormones control development of sex organs, puberty, and reproduction
  • Other organs have functions like maturing gametes, delivering them to fertilisation sites, and providing a development environment for offspring
  • Scrotum provides a climate control system for the testes
  • Testes are small, ovoid organs in the scrotum
  • Tunica Albuginea: Cartilaginous tissue capsule surrounding testes
  • Septa divide testes into testicular lobules
  • Lobules contain seminiferous tubules (sperm production site)
  • Seminiferous tubules produce male gametes (spermatogonia to spermatozoa).
  • "-gonia" (immature) and "-ozoa" (mature)
  • Site of spermatogenesis (sperm formation)
  • Straight tubules (Tubular Rectus), simple cuboidal cells and Sertoli cells are also present
  • Rete Testis, a network of simple cuboidal cells, and efferent ductules (simple cuboidal and simple columnar ciliated cells)
  • Epididymis: Comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes

Male Reproductive System - Accessory Glands

  • Seminal Vesicles: Exocrine glands releasing a yellowish secretion dependent on testosterone. Contains components like fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen for seminal fluid.
  • Prostate Gland: Walnut-shaped organ at the bladder neck, producing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and acid phosphatase (indicators of prostate cancer).
  • Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands): Tubuloacinar glands that secrete alkaline mucus.

Male Reproductive System - Ducts & Tubes

  • Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens: Emerges from the tail of the epididymis; contains elastic fibers and thick muscularis layers
  • Ejaculatory Duct: Formed by the seminal vesicle and vas deferens ducts; opens into the urethra.
  • Urethra: Extends from the urinary bladder to the penis, a passageway for urine and reproductive fluids (prostatic, membranous, and penile parts).

Spermatic Cord

  • Contains blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens (vas deferens) for transportation and nerve signalling

Male Reproductive System - Penis Structure

  • Composed of corpora cavernosa (2) and corpus spongiosum (1).
  • Covered by tunica albuginea
  • Glans penis: Expanded tip of corpus spongiosum
  • Foreskin (prepuce): Loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis
  • Raphe: Midline ridge that extends from the anus to the inferior side of the penis

Female Reproductive System

  • Organs for gamete production and carrying a fetus
  • Gonads produce eggs and hormones
  • Besides gametes, gonads also produce hormones for sex organ development, puberty, and reproduction
  • Hormones influence sex organ development, puberty, and reproduction
  • Other organs have various roles: maturing gametes, transporting them, and housing offspring development

Female Reproductive System - Ovaries

  • Almond-shaped organs
  • Cortex contains egg-containing follicles (ovarian follicles)
  • Medulla is the central portion
  • Follicles develop and mature (primary follicle, secondary follicle, Graafian/mature follicle) - ovulation releases a mature ovum
  • Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle during ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen

Female Reproductive System - Uterine/Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)

  • Regions: Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine/intramural part
  • Lined by simple columnar epithelium with a lamina propria connective tissue
  • Carry eggs to the uterus

Female Reproductive System - Uterus

  • Pear-shaped, thick-walled organ.
  • Parts: fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
  • Layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
  • Site of implantation & embryo development
  • Endometrium thickens under hormonal influence

Female Reproductive System - Cervix

  • Neck of the uterus
  • Secretes mucus that can influence sperm passage.

Female Reproductive System - Vagina

  • Female copulatory organ
  • From the vulva to the cervix.

Female Reproductive System - Accessory Glands

  • Bartholin's glands (greater vestibular glands): Produce lubricating mucus, and they are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.

Female Reproductive System - External Genitalia

  • Include structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and vaginal opening

Female Reproductive System - Clitoris

  • Composed of corpora cavernosa and glans clitoris.
  • Erectile tissue that becomes erect with sexual arousal.
  • Homologous to the penis in males.

Female Reproductive System - Breasts

  • Compound tubuloalveolar glands (modified apocrine sweat glands)
  • Areola: Thin skin around the nipple.
  • Nipple: Has lactiferous ducts where milk exits.
  • Suspensory ligaments (Cooper's ligaments) support the breasts.

The Menstrual Cycle

  • A cyclical process involving follicular/menstruation phases and hormone regulation in the ovaries.

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