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Questions and Answers
What is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes?
What is the human organ system responsible for the production and fertilization of gametes?
Reproductive System
What are the organs that produce gametes in both male and female reproductive systems called?
What are the organs that produce gametes in both male and female reproductive systems called?
Gonads
What type of cell is a gamete?
What type of cell is a gamete?
Haploid cell
What is a zygote?
What is a zygote?
What type of hormones control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction?
What type of hormones control the development of sex organs before birth, sexual maturation at puberty, and reproduction?
Which of the following functions are performed by other reproductive system organs?
Which of the following functions are performed by other reproductive system organs?
What is a scrotum?
What is a scrotum?
What is the median septum that divides the fibro-muscular pouch of the scrotum into two compartments called?
What is the median septum that divides the fibro-muscular pouch of the scrotum into two compartments called?
What structure divides the scrotum into two parts, each containing one testis?
What structure divides the scrotum into two parts, each containing one testis?
In what range of temperature must testes be kept for normal sperm development?
In what range of temperature must testes be kept for normal sperm development?
What allows the testes to move closer to the body for warmth and protection, or farther away to cool the temperature?
What allows the testes to move closer to the body for warmth and protection, or farther away to cool the temperature?
What is the temperature range required for spermatogenesis?
What is the temperature range required for spermatogenesis?
What cartilaginous tissue capsule surrounds the testes?
What cartilaginous tissue capsule surrounds the testes?
What structures divide each testis into cone-shaped testicular lobules?
What structures divide each testis into cone-shaped testicular lobules?
What structures contain seminiferous tubules?
What structures contain seminiferous tubules?
Where does sperm development occur?
Where does sperm development occur?
What are the immature male gametes before puberty called?
What are the immature male gametes before puberty called?
What are the mature male gametes after puberty called?
What are the mature male gametes after puberty called?
What is the process of sperm formation, as it occurs in the testes, called?
What is the process of sperm formation, as it occurs in the testes, called?
What is the role of Sertoli cells?
What is the role of Sertoli cells?
What hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?
What hormone do Sertoli cells respond to?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in men?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in men?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in women?
What is the role of Sertoli cells in women?
What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete?
What hormone do Sertoli cells secrete?
What is the main function of Leydig cells, also called interstitial cells?
What is the main function of Leydig cells, also called interstitial cells?
What is LH?
What is LH?
What is the role of LH in men?
What is the role of LH in men?
What is the role of LH in women?
What is the role of LH in women?
What tissue type lines the Straight Tubules or Tubular Rectus?
What tissue type lines the Straight Tubules or Tubular Rectus?
What cell type is also present in the Straight Tubules?
What cell type is also present in the Straight Tubules?
What tissue type lines the Rete Testis?
What tissue type lines the Rete Testis?
What type of tissue lines the Efferent Ductules?
What type of tissue lines the Efferent Ductules?
What is the shape of the epididymis?
What is the shape of the epididymis?
What type of epithelial lining does the epididymis have?
What type of epithelial lining does the epididymis have?
What are the three parts of the epididymis?
What are the three parts of the epididymis?
What type of cells make up the epididymis?
What type of cells make up the epididymis?
From what part of the reproductive system does the Ductus Deferens emerge?
From what part of the reproductive system does the Ductus Deferens emerge?
What type of lining does the Ductus Deferens have?
What type of lining does the Ductus Deferens have?
What is the function of the thick muscularis layer in the Ductus Deferens?
What is the function of the thick muscularis layer in the Ductus Deferens?
What are the components of the Spermatic Cord?
What are the components of the Spermatic Cord?
How is the Ejaculatory Duct formed?
How is the Ejaculatory Duct formed?
Where do the Ejaculatory Ducts project into?
Where do the Ejaculatory Ducts project into?
What type of epithelial lining does the Ejaculatory Duct have?
What type of epithelial lining does the Ejaculatory Duct have?
What type of glands are the Seminal Vesicles?
What type of glands are the Seminal Vesicles?
What is the consistency of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?
What is the consistency of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?
What hormone is crucial for the production of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?
What hormone is crucial for the production of the fluid secreted by the Seminal Vesicles?
What type of epithelium lines the Seminal Vesicles?
What type of epithelium lines the Seminal Vesicles?
What are the components of Seminal fluid?
What are the components of Seminal fluid?
What is another name for the Bulbourethral glands?
What is another name for the Bulbourethral glands?
What type of glands are the Bulbourethral glands?
What type of glands are the Bulbourethral glands?
What substances surround the secretory units of the Bulbourethral glands?
What substances surround the secretory units of the Bulbourethral glands?
What type of lining do the Bulbourethral glands have?
What type of lining do the Bulbourethral glands have?
What does the term "pre-ejaculate" refer to?
What does the term "pre-ejaculate" refer to?
How is the urethra described?
How is the urethra described?
What are the three parts of the urethra?
What are the three parts of the urethra?
What is the primary function of the penile urethra?
What is the primary function of the penile urethra?
What is the male organ of copulation called?
What is the male organ of copulation called?
What type of lining does the penis have?
What type of lining does the penis have?
What makes up the body of the penis?
What makes up the body of the penis?
What is the name of the cartilaginous tissue capsule that covers the corpora cavernosa of the penis?
What is the name of the cartilaginous tissue capsule that covers the corpora cavernosa of the penis?
What is the name of the cap formed from the expansion of the corpus spongiosum?
What is the name of the cap formed from the expansion of the corpus spongiosum?
What is the name of the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis?
What is the name of the loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis?
What is the name of the irregular ridge that marks the midline of the external part of the scrotum?
What is the name of the irregular ridge that marks the midline of the external part of the scrotum?
What are the female reproductive organs called?
What are the female reproductive organs called?
What are the two parts of the ovaries?
What are the two parts of the ovaries?
What is the name of the temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is crucial to reproductive health?
What is the name of the temporary endocrine structure in female ovaries that is crucial to reproductive health?
What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
What hormone does the corpus luteum secrete?
What is the role of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
What is the role of the corpus luteum in early pregnancy?
Aside from progesterone, what other hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
Aside from progesterone, what other hormone does the corpus luteum produce?
What are the uterine tubes also known as?
What are the uterine tubes also known as?
What are the different regions of the uterine tubes?
What are the different regions of the uterine tubes?
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the uterine tubes?
What type of epithelium lines the mucosa of the uterine tubes?
What tissue layer supports the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine tubes?
What tissue layer supports the simple columnar epithelium of the uterine tubes?
What is the shape of the uterus?
What is the shape of the uterus?
What are the different parts of the uterus?
What are the different parts of the uterus?
What are the different layers of the uterus?
What are the different layers of the uterus?
Where does implantation occur in the uterus?
Where does implantation occur in the uterus?
What hormones cause the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?
What hormones cause the thickening of the endometrium in the uterus?
What happens to the endometrium after the corpus luteum sloughs off?
What happens to the endometrium after the corpus luteum sloughs off?
What is oxytocin often called?
What is oxytocin often called?
What are the key roles of oxytocin?
What are the key roles of oxytocin?
What is the role of oxytocin in childbirth?
What is the role of oxytocin in childbirth?
How does oxytocin aid in breastfeeding?
How does oxytocin aid in breastfeeding?
How does oxytocin influence bonding?
How does oxytocin influence bonding?
What is the effect of oxytocin on emotional regulation?
What is the effect of oxytocin on emotional regulation?
What is the female organ for copulation called?
What is the female organ for copulation called?
What is the opening of the vagina called?
What is the opening of the vagina called?
What covers the vaginal opening?
What covers the vaginal opening?
What is the name given to the larger pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?
What is the name given to the larger pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?
What is the name given to the smaller pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?
What is the name given to the smaller pair of skin folds that surround the vaginal opening?
What is the name of the small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva?
What is the name of the small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva?
What are the main components of the clitoris?
What are the main components of the clitoris?
How are the crura of the clitoris formed?
How are the crura of the clitoris formed?
What causes the clitoris to become erect?
What causes the clitoris to become erect?
What is another name for the mammary glands?
What is another name for the mammary glands?
What type of glands are mammary glands?
What type of glands are mammary glands?
What is the name given to the pigmented area surrounding the nipple?
What is the name given to the pigmented area surrounding the nipple?
What type of tissues are present in the nipple?
What type of tissues are present in the nipple?
What is the function of the smooth muscle fibers in the nipple?
What is the function of the smooth muscle fibers in the nipple?
What are the excretory ducts that emerge independently in the nipples called?
What are the excretory ducts that emerge independently in the nipples called?
What is the function of myoepithelial cells in the breasts?
What is the function of myoepithelial cells in the breasts?
What is another name for the suspensory ligaments in the breasts?
What is another name for the suspensory ligaments in the breasts?
What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breasts?
What is the main function of Cooper's ligaments in the breasts?
Flashcards
Reproductive System
Reproductive System
The human organ system responsible for gamete production, fertilization, and, in females, fetal development.
Gamete
Gamete
A haploid cell that combines with another haploid gamete to form a diploid zygote.
Zygote
Zygote
A single diploid cell formed by the fusion of two haploid gametes.
Gonads
Gonads
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Scrotum
Scrotum
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Testes
Testes
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Spermatogenesis
Spermatogenesis
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Seminiferous Tubules
Seminiferous Tubules
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Sertoli Cells
Sertoli Cells
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Leydig Cells
Leydig Cells
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Testosterone
Testosterone
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FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
FSH (Follicle-Stimulating Hormone)
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LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
LH (Luteinizing Hormone)
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Study Notes
Male Reproductive System
- Organs produce sperm and hormones
- Gonads produce gametes
- Gametes combine during fertilisation to form a zygote
- Hormones control development of sex organs, puberty, and reproduction
- Other organs have functions like maturing gametes, delivering them to fertilisation sites, and providing a development environment for offspring
- Scrotum provides a climate control system for the testes
- Testes are small, ovoid organs in the scrotum
- Tunica Albuginea: Cartilaginous tissue capsule surrounding testes
- Septa divide testes into testicular lobules
- Lobules contain seminiferous tubules (sperm production site)
- Seminiferous tubules produce male gametes (spermatogonia to spermatozoa).
- "-gonia" (immature) and "-ozoa" (mature)
- Site of spermatogenesis (sperm formation)
- Straight tubules (Tubular Rectus), simple cuboidal cells and Sertoli cells are also present
- Rete Testis, a network of simple cuboidal cells, and efferent ductules (simple cuboidal and simple columnar ciliated cells)
- Epididymis: Comma-shaped structure on the posterior side of the testes
Male Reproductive System - Accessory Glands
- Seminal Vesicles: Exocrine glands releasing a yellowish secretion dependent on testosterone. Contains components like fructose, prostaglandins, and fibrinogen for seminal fluid.
- Prostate Gland: Walnut-shaped organ at the bladder neck, producing prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and acid phosphatase (indicators of prostate cancer).
- Bulbourethral Glands (Cowper's glands): Tubuloacinar glands that secrete alkaline mucus.
Male Reproductive System - Ducts & Tubes
- Vas Deferens/Ductus Deferens: Emerges from the tail of the epididymis; contains elastic fibers and thick muscularis layers
- Ejaculatory Duct: Formed by the seminal vesicle and vas deferens ducts; opens into the urethra.
- Urethra: Extends from the urinary bladder to the penis, a passageway for urine and reproductive fluids (prostatic, membranous, and penile parts).
Spermatic Cord
- Contains blood vessels, nerves, and the ductus deferens (vas deferens) for transportation and nerve signalling
Male Reproductive System - Penis Structure
- Composed of corpora cavernosa (2) and corpus spongiosum (1).
- Covered by tunica albuginea
- Glans penis: Expanded tip of corpus spongiosum
- Foreskin (prepuce): Loose fold of skin that covers the glans penis
- Raphe: Midline ridge that extends from the anus to the inferior side of the penis
Female Reproductive System
- Organs for gamete production and carrying a fetus
- Gonads produce eggs and hormones
- Besides gametes, gonads also produce hormones for sex organ development, puberty, and reproduction
- Hormones influence sex organ development, puberty, and reproduction
- Other organs have various roles: maturing gametes, transporting them, and housing offspring development
Female Reproductive System - Ovaries
- Almond-shaped organs
- Cortex contains egg-containing follicles (ovarian follicles)
- Medulla is the central portion
- Follicles develop and mature (primary follicle, secondary follicle, Graafian/mature follicle) - ovulation releases a mature ovum
- Corpus luteum develops from ruptured follicle during ovulation, producing progesterone and estrogen
Female Reproductive System - Uterine/Fallopian Tubes (Oviducts)
- Regions: Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus, uterine/intramural part
- Lined by simple columnar epithelium with a lamina propria connective tissue
- Carry eggs to the uterus
Female Reproductive System - Uterus
- Pear-shaped, thick-walled organ.
- Parts: fundus, body, isthmus, cervix
- Layers: perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium
- Site of implantation & embryo development
- Endometrium thickens under hormonal influence
Female Reproductive System - Cervix
- Neck of the uterus
- Secretes mucus that can influence sperm passage.
Female Reproductive System - Vagina
- Female copulatory organ
- From the vulva to the cervix.
Female Reproductive System - Accessory Glands
- Bartholin's glands (greater vestibular glands): Produce lubricating mucus, and they are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in males.
Female Reproductive System - External Genitalia
- Include structures like the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, and vaginal opening
Female Reproductive System - Clitoris
- Composed of corpora cavernosa and glans clitoris.
- Erectile tissue that becomes erect with sexual arousal.
- Homologous to the penis in males.
Female Reproductive System - Breasts
- Compound tubuloalveolar glands (modified apocrine sweat glands)
- Areola: Thin skin around the nipple.
- Nipple: Has lactiferous ducts where milk exits.
- Suspensory ligaments (Cooper's ligaments) support the breasts.
The Menstrual Cycle
- A cyclical process involving follicular/menstruation phases and hormone regulation in the ovaries.
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