Male Reproductive Anatomy

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Questions and Answers

What is a gamete?

A sex cell, such as sperm or egg.

What structures make up the testes?

Epididymis and seminiferous tubules.

What is the function of the seminiferous tubules?

Site of sperm production.

What is the function of the epididymis?

<p>Stores sperm.</p>
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What is the scrotum?

<p>External sac that contains the testes.</p>
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What is the function of the vas deferens?

<p>Tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.</p>
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What do the seminal vesicles secrete?

<p>Fluid that makes up the bulk of the semen, which protects the sperm. This fluid includes mucus and fructose.</p>
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What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?

<p>Facilitates movement by contributing a portion of seminal fluids and neutralizes acidity.</p>
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What is the role of the prostate gland?

<p>Secretes fluid that provides nourishment and protection for the sperm.</p>
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Approximately how many men will get prostate cancer?

<p>1 in 6 (C)</p>
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What does the endocrine system consist of?

<p>Glands, organs, and tissues in the body that regulate functions by using chemical messengers (hormones).</p>
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There are, on average, _____ million sperms per ejaculation.

<p>200-300</p>
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How long can sperm typically live inside the female reproductive tract?

<p>3-5 days</p>
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What is the role of the hypothalamus in hormone regulation?

<p>Monitors the hormone levels in your blood.</p>
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What is the role of the pituitary gland relating to hormones?

<p>The hypothalamus signals the pituitary to release certain hormones.</p>
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What is the function of a target gland?

<p>A gland that responds to the hormonal message received by producing its own hormone.</p>
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What regulates the production of gametes?

<p>Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.</p>
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What hormones are produced in the pituitary gland in men, which turn into testosterone?

<p>LH, FSH.</p>
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At what age is testosterone typically at its peak in men?

<p>30</p>
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What happens when the prostate is enlarged?

<p>It constricts the urethra.</p>
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What is one treatment option for an enlarged prostate?

<p>Transurethral resection.</p>
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What is a transurethral resection?

<p>Partial excision through the urethra.</p>
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How is prostate cancer staged?

<p>A to D</p>
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How long does it typically take for prostate cancer to progress from stage A to stage D?

<p>Years or decades.</p>
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What is a Digital Rectal exam?

<p>Examination of the prostate using a finger inserted into the rectum.</p>
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What is the earliest stage of prostate cancer a doctor can typically feel for during a digital rectal exam?

<p>B</p>
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What is a prostate-specific antigen test?

<p>Blood test to screen for prostate cancer; elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate cancer and enlargement, however there may be other reasons for high levels of PSA.</p>
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When is a needle biopsy used in the diagnosis of prostate cancer?

<p>Used if PSA is high, in attempts to detect stage B or C cancer. it analysis of cancer spread based on the Gleason Scale.</p>
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What are Gleason scores used for?

<p>Are used to grade prostate cancer, with a lower score indicating a better prognosis.</p>
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What is a radical prostatectomy?

<p>Removal of the entire prostate.</p>
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What does a Nerve-Sparing Prostatectomy do?

<p>Leaves prostate tissue near nerves.</p>
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What are negative side effects of prostate surgery?

<p>Incontinence and impotence (50% will have one or both).</p>
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What are two types of radiation therapy used to treat prostate cancer?

<p>Beam radiation treatment and radioactive seed implants.</p>
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Flashcards

Gamete

A sex cell, such as sperm or egg.

Testes Components

The epididymis and seminiferous tubules are the primary components.

Seminiferous Tubules

The site within the testes where sperm are produced.

Epididymis

Stores sperm after they are produced.

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Scrotum

External sac housing the testes.

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Vas Deferens

Tube carrying sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

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Seminal Vesicles

Glands that secrete fluids that make up the bulk of semen, protecting the sperm.

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Bulbourethral Glands

Glands that contribute fluids to neutralize acidity and facilitate sperm movement.

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Prostate Gland

Gland secreting fluid that provides nourishment and protection for the sperm.

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Prostate Cancer Risk

Approximately 1 in 6 men.

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Endocrine System

A system of glands, organs, and tissues using hormones to regulate bodily functions.

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Sperm Count per Ejaculation

200-300 million sperms.

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Sperm Lifespan

3-5 days.

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Hypothalamus

Monitors hormone levels in the blood.

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Pituitary Gland

Releases certain hormones in response to signals from the hypothalamus.

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Target Glands

Gland that produces its own hormone in response to a hormonal message.

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Gamete Production Regulators

Testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone regulate this process.

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Pituitary Hormones in Men

LH and FSH, which stimulate testosterone production.

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Peak Testosterone Age

30 years old.

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Enlarged Prostate Effect

It constricts the urethra.

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Enlarged Prostate Treatment

Transurethral resection.

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Transurethral Resection

Partial excision through the urethra.

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Prostate Cancer Stages

A to D.

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Prostate Cancer Progression Time

Years or decades.

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Digital Rectal Exam

Examination of the prostate using a finger inserted into the rectum.

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Earliest Palpable Prostate Cancer Stage

B.

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Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

Blood test to screen for prostate cancer.

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Needle Biopsy

Used if PSA is high to detect stage B or C cancer.

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Gleason Scores

Used to grade prostate cancer, with a lower score indicating a better prognosis.

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Radical Prostatectomy

Removal of the entire prostate.

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Study Notes

  • A gamete is a sex cell, such as sperm or an egg.

Testes Components

  • The testes are composed of the epididymis and seminiferous tubules.

Seminiferous Tubules

  • Sperm production occurs in the seminiferous tubules.

Epididymis

  • The epididymis stores sperm.

Scrotum

  • The scrotum is an external sac containing the testes.

Vas Deferens

  • The vas deferens is a tube that transports sperm from the epididymis to the urethra.

Seminal Vesicles

  • Seminal vesicles secrete fluids that constitute the bulk of semen, protecting sperm with mucus and fructose.

Bulbourethral Glands

  • Bulbourethral glands facilitate sperm movement and neutralize acidity.

Prostate Gland

  • The prostate gland secretes fluid that nourishes and protects sperm.

Prostate Cancer

  • Prostate cancer will affect 1 in 6 men, and it's the 2nd most common cancer in men.

Endocrine System

  • The endocrine system consists of glands, organs, and tissues that regulate bodily functions through chemical messengers called hormones.

Sperm Count

  • An average ejaculation contains 200-300 million sperm.

Sperm Lifespan

  • Sperm can live for 3-5 days.

Hypothalamus

  • The hypothalamus monitors hormone levels in the blood.

Pituitary Gland

  • The hypothalamus signals the pituitary gland to release certain hormones.

Target Glands

  • Target glands respond to hormonal messages by producing their own hormones.

Gamete Production Regulation

  • Gamete production is regulated by testosterone, estrogen, and progesterone.

Pituitary Products in Men

  • In men, the pituitary gland produces LH and FSH, which leads to testosterone production.

Testosterone Peak

  • Testosterone levels in men peak at around age 30.

Enlarged Prostate

  • An enlarged prostate constricts the urethra.

Transurethral Resection

  • A transurethral resection, which involves partial excision through the urethra, is a treatment option.

Prostate Cancer Stages

  • Prostate cancer is staged from A to D.

Cancer Progression

  • Progression from stage A to D can take years or decades.

Digital Rectal Exam

  • A digital rectal exam involves examining the prostate by inserting a finger into the rectum.

Palpation Stage

  • Stage B is the earliest stage a doctor can feel for during a digital rectal exam.

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Test

  • PSA test is a blood test used to screen for prostate cancer; elevated PSA levels may indicate prostate cancer or enlargement, but other factors can also cause high levels.

Needle Biopsy

  • A needle biopsy is performed if PSA levels are high, to detect stage B or C cancer, and it involves analysis of cancer spread based on the Gleason Scale.

Gleason Scores

  • Gleason scores are used to grade prostate cancer, with lower scores indicating a better prognosis.

Radical Prostatectomy

  • Radical prostatectomy is the removal of the entire prostate.

Nerve-Sparing Prostatectomy

  • A nerve-sparing prostatectomy leaves prostate tissue near the nerves.

Surgical Side Effects

  • Negative side effects of prostate surgery include incontinence and impotence. About 50% of patients will experience one or both.

Radiation Therapy

  • Radiation therapy options include beam radiation treatment and radioactive seed implants.

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