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What is the primary means by which Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria to humans?
What is the primary means by which Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria to humans?
What is the purpose of the mosquito's saliva during a blood meal?
What is the purpose of the mosquito's saliva during a blood meal?
Where do the sporozoites initially travel to after entering the human host?
Where do the sporozoites initially travel to after entering the human host?
What is the term for the stage of the sporozoite life cycle where they multiply inside liver cells?
What is the term for the stage of the sporozoite life cycle where they multiply inside liver cells?
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What is the source of nutrition for the mosquito during a blood meal?
What is the source of nutrition for the mosquito during a blood meal?
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What type of mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria to humans?
What type of mosquito is responsible for transmitting malaria to humans?
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the infective stage of plasmodium spp.
the infective stage of plasmodium spp.
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What is the primary location where Plasmodium sporozoites reproduce before entering RBCs?
What is the primary location where Plasmodium sporozoites reproduce before entering RBCs?
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One liver cell can produce
One liver cell can produce
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How long does the exoerythrocytic cycle typically take?
How long does the exoerythrocytic cycle typically take?
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What happens to the liver cell after the exoerythrocytic cycle?
What happens to the liver cell after the exoerythrocytic cycle?
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What is the next stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp. after the exoerythrocytic cycle?
What is the next stage in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp. after the exoerythrocytic cycle?
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What happens after the liver cell ruptures in the malaria life cycle?
What happens after the liver cell ruptures in the malaria life cycle?
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Where do the Merozoites go after the liver ruptures?
Where do the Merozoites go after the liver ruptures?
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What is the erythrocytic cycle in the life cycle of malaria?
What is the erythrocytic cycle in the life cycle of malaria?
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What is the primary function of the Plasmodium during the erythrocytic cycle?
What is the primary function of the Plasmodium during the erythrocytic cycle?
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What happens to some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
What happens to some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
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What is the outcome of the immune system's action on some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
What is the outcome of the immune system's action on some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
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What happens to some of the RBCs that are infected by the Plasmodium during the erythrocytic cycle?
What happens to some of the RBCs that are infected by the Plasmodium during the erythrocytic cycle?
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What is the form of the Plasmodium when they are flowing in the bloodstream and infecting RBCs?
What is the form of the Plasmodium when they are flowing in the bloodstream and infecting RBCs?
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Erythrocytic cycle: 2nd phase of reproduction, replication inside the RBC
Erythrocytic cycle: 2nd phase of reproduction, replication inside the RBC
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What happens to the merozoites after they rupture from the red blood cell?
What happens to the merozoites after they rupture from the red blood cell?
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What happens to the mature micro or macro gametocytes in the blood meal of the mosquito?
What happens to the mature micro or macro gametocytes in the blood meal of the mosquito?
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What is one possible outcome of the immune system's action on some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
What is one possible outcome of the immune system's action on some of the RBCs during the erythrocytic cycle?
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What is the purpose of the merozoites in the erythrocytic cycle?
What is the purpose of the merozoites in the erythrocytic cycle?
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What happens when a mosquito sips blood from an infected person?
What happens when a mosquito sips blood from an infected person?
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What is the term for the stage in the Plasmodium life cycle where the gametocytes replicate in the stomach of the mosquito?
What is the term for the stage in the Plasmodium life cycle where the gametocytes replicate in the stomach of the mosquito?
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Which type of cell is referred to as macro in the context of Plasmodium?
Which type of cell is referred to as macro in the context of Plasmodium?
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What is the result of the replication of the gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach besides the ookinete?
What is the result of the replication of the gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach besides the ookinete?
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In what part of the mosquito's body do the gametocytes replicate?
In what part of the mosquito's body do the gametocytes replicate?
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What is the stage that forms after the replication of the gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach?
What is the stage that forms after the replication of the gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach?
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Which type of cell is referred to as micro in the context of Plasmodium?
Which type of cell is referred to as micro in the context of Plasmodium?
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What is the first process in the formation of Plasmodium mosquito?
What is the first process in the formation of Plasmodium mosquito?
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What is the stage that forms after the replication of gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach?
What is the stage that forms after the replication of gametocytes in the mosquito's stomach?
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What ruptures, releasing sporozoites?
What ruptures, releasing sporozoites?
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What is the correct sequence of Plasmodium stages in a mosquito?
What is the correct sequence of Plasmodium stages in a mosquito?
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What is the second process in the formation of Plasmodium in a mosquito?
What is the second process in the formation of Plasmodium in a mosquito?
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What is another form of transmission of malaria besides mosquitoes?
What is another form of transmission of malaria besides mosquitoes?
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What is Transfusion malaria?
What is Transfusion malaria?
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Where do the sporozoites travel to after leaving the oocysts?
Where do the sporozoites travel to after leaving the oocysts?
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What is Mainline malaria?
What is Mainline malaria?
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What is Congenital malaria?
What is Congenital malaria?
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Vector is the only form of transmission
Vector is the only form of transmission
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Hypnozoites can form with P. vivax or P. ovale.
Hypnozoites can form with P. vivax or P. ovale.
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Hypnozoites can be dormant for days.
Hypnozoites can be dormant for days.
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Hypnozoites rupture, introducing merozoites and starting the erythrocytic cycle or a relapse infection.
Hypnozoites rupture, introducing merozoites and starting the erythrocytic cycle or a relapse infection.
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Hypnozoites are found in humans.
Hypnozoites are found in humans.
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Relapse infection is also known as recrudescence.
Relapse infection is also known as recrudescence.
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What is a relapse infection also known as in a malaria infection?
What is a relapse infection also known as in a malaria infection?
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Where is the dormant plasmodium typically found?
Where is the dormant plasmodium typically found?
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Study Notes
Malaria Transmission
- Anopheles mosquito transmits malaria to humans
- Sporozoites are the infectious stage of malaria transmitted to humans
Sporozoite Life Cycle
- Sporozoites travel to mosquito's salivary glands
- When mosquito feeds on host's blood, it injects saliva to prevent blood clotting
- Some sporozoites in saliva enter host during feeding process
Exoerythrocytic Cycle
- Sporozoites enter blood/peripheral blood and migrate to liver
- Specifically, sporozoites target parenchymal cells of the liver
- Sporozoites multiply inside liver cells, marking the start of the exoerythrocytic cycle
Exoerythrocytic Cycle
- The first cycle of Plasmodium sporozoites in the human body occurs before replication in Red Blood Cells (RBC)
- This cycle involves reproduction outside the RBC
- The duration of the exoerythrocytic cycle varies between 8-25 days, depending on the species of Plasmodium
- A single liver cell can produce thousands of sporozoites during this cycle
Transition to Erythrocytic Cycle
- The liver cell eventually ruptures, releasing Merozoites into the bloodstream
- The Merozoites then travel through the bloodstream, searching for RBC to replicate in, marking the start of the Erythrocytic cycle
Malaria Parasite Life Cycle
- Malaria parasites exist as merozoites when they are in the bloodstream.
- In this form, they infect and multiply Red Blood Cells (RBC).
Erythrocytic Cycle
- The erythrocytic cycle is the second phase of reproduction in the malaria parasite's life cycle.
- During this phase, replication of the parasite occurs inside the Red Blood Cells (RBC).
Plasmodium Life Cycle
- In the bloodstream, Plasmodium exists in the form of merozoites, which infect and multiply within Red Blood Cells (RBCs).
- The erythrocytic cycle is the second phase of reproduction, where Plasmodium replicates inside the RBC.
- Inside the RBC, Plasmodium feeds on hemoglobin and undergoes multiple growth stages.
RBC Fates
- Some RBCs rupture, releasing merozoites, which continue the erythrocytic cycle.
- Some RBCs develop into Microgametocytes and Macrogametocytes.
- The immune system destroys some RBCs.
Lifecycle of Malaria Parasite
- Malaria parasite lifecycle has three possibilities after infection:
- Merozoites rupture from infected Red Blood Cells (RBCs) and search for new RBCs
- Merozoites develop into microgametocytes and macrogametocytes
- The immune system eliminates the parasite within the infected RBC
Transmission of Malaria
- Mosquitoes ingest mature microgametocytes or macrogametocytes when they feed on the blood of an infected person
Gametocytes in Mosquito
- Microgametocytes: male/sperm cells
- Macrogametocytes: female/egg cells
Formation of Zygote and Oocyst
- 2 types of gametocytes replicate in the stomach of the mosquito
- Replication forms a zygote, also known as an ookinete
- Ookinete encysts and matures into an oocyst
Plasmodium Life Cycle in Mosquito
- Gametocytes develop into ookinetes in the mosquito's midgut.
- Ookinetes are the 2nd form of Plasmodium in the mosquito.
- Ookinetes develop into oocysts, which is the 3rd form of Plasmodium in the mosquito.
- Oocysts rupture and release sporozoites, marking the 1st formation of Plasmodium in the mosquito.
Malaria Transmission
- Oocysts rupture, releasing sporozoites that travel to the mosquito's salivary gland, awaiting their next host.
Alternative Forms of Transmission
- Transfusion malaria: a rare form of transmission through contaminated needles used for blood transfusions.
- Mainline malaria: a form of transmission among intravenous drug users who share infected needles.
- Congenital malaria: a rare form of transmission from mother to child during pregnancy or childbirth.
Hypnozoites and Relapse Infection
- Hypnozoites can form with Plasmodium vivax or Plasmodium ovale, leading to a relapse infection or recrudescence.
- Hypnozoites contain dormant Plasmodium-infected liver cells that can remain dormant for months or years.
- When hypnozoites rupture, they release merozoites, which then initiate the erythrocytic cycle or a relapse infection.
- Relapse infection, also known as recrudescence, has never occurred in humans.
- Hypnozoites are responsible for the reactivation of the parasite, leading to multiple episodes of malaria.
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Description
Learn about the transmission of malaria from Anopheles mosquitoes to humans, the life cycle of sporozoites, and how they enter the host's body.
