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Questions and Answers
The bradysporozoites in the liver spend a rest and sleeping ______ of months or even years
The bradysporozoites in the liver spend a rest and sleeping ______ of months or even years
times
The serious complication of P.f. involves ______ malaria (involving the brain)
The serious complication of P.f. involves ______ malaria (involving the brain)
cerebral
Malaria caused by P.f. is more ______ than that caused by other plasmodia
Malaria caused by P.f. is more ______ than that caused by other plasmodia
severe
Relapse only occurs in ______
Relapse only occurs in ______
Massive haemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) in which the ______ becomes dark incolor
Massive haemoglobinuria (blackwater fever) in which the ______ becomes dark incolor
The mosquito bites and ______ sporozoites into the blood.
The mosquito bites and ______ sporozoites into the blood.
There are two forms of sporozoites: ______ and bradysporozoite.
There are two forms of sporozoites: ______ and bradysporozoite.
The process from trophozoite to merozoite is called ______.
The process from trophozoite to merozoite is called ______.
The ______ stage is the diagnostic stage in human blood.
The ______ stage is the diagnostic stage in human blood.
Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum infect ______ blood cells.
Malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum infect ______ blood cells.
The pathogen of malaria is _______________.
The pathogen of malaria is _______________.
Malaria transmission will not occur at very high _______________.
Malaria transmission will not occur at very high _______________.
The highest transmission of malaria is found in _______________ and in parts of Oceania such as Papua New Guinea.
The highest transmission of malaria is found in _______________ and in parts of Oceania such as Papua New Guinea.
Naturally acquired infections are via the bite of infected female _______________ mosquitoes.
Naturally acquired infections are via the bite of infected female _______________ mosquitoes.
P.vivax and P.falciparum are more common species of _______________.
P.vivax and P.falciparum are more common species of _______________.
Plasmodium falciparum contain fine granules with ______ margins.
Plasmodium falciparum contain fine granules with ______ margins.
Some Plasmodium species show ______ stippling.
Some Plasmodium species show ______ stippling.
The ring form of Plasmodium vivax has a ______ of cytoplasm.
The ring form of Plasmodium vivax has a ______ of cytoplasm.
Plasmodium malariae has a solid ______ staining.
Plasmodium malariae has a solid ______ staining.
The trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum has a ______ red staining nuclear dot.
The trophozoite of Plasmodium falciparum has a ______ red staining nuclear dot.
Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite has a ______ form.
Plasmodium falciparum trophozoite has a ______ form.
The infected RBC in Plasmodium malariae is ______ in size.
The infected RBC in Plasmodium malariae is ______ in size.
The schizonts in Plasmodium falciparum contain ______ merozoites.
The schizonts in Plasmodium falciparum contain ______ merozoites.
The trophozoite of Plasmodium vivax has an ______ amoeboid form.
The trophozoite of Plasmodium vivax has an ______ amoeboid form.
The infected RBC in Plasmodium ovale is ______ in shape.
The infected RBC in Plasmodium ovale is ______ in shape.
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Study Notes
Malaria
- Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites, specifically P.vivax, P.falciparum, P.malariae, P.ovale, and P.knowlesi.
- P.vivax and P.falciparum are more common and cause more severe infections.
Distribution
- Plasmodium is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of the world.
- Transmission is less likely to occur in:
- Very high altitudes
- Colder seasons in some areas (P.vivax is more tolerant of lower ambient temperatures)
- Deserts (excluding oases)
- Countries with successful control/elimination programs (e.g. Western Europe and the US)
- In warmer regions closer to the equator, transmission is more intense, and the highest transmission rates are found in:
- Africa South of the Sahara
- Parts of Oceania, such as Papua New Guinea
Route of Transmission
- Malaria is transmitted through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes.
- The parasite's life cycle involves two stages:
- Exoerythrocytic stage: Sporozoites from the mosquito bite inject into the blood and enter hepatic cells, where they multiply and form exoerythrocytic schizonts.
- Erythrocytic stage: The exoerythrocytic schizonts rupture, releasing merozoites into the blood, which then invade red blood cells and produce malaria.
Life Cycle
- There are two forms of sporozoites: tachysporozoites and bradysporozoites.
- Tachysporozoites grow in hepatic cells, multiply, and form exoerythrocytic schizonts, which then invade red blood cells and produce malaria.
- Bradysporozoites cause relapses of malaria and stay in the hepatic cells, multiplying later.
- The life cycle involves three stages:
- Exoerythrocytic stage
- Erythrocytic stage (diagnostic stage)
- Gametogenesis (formation of sexual cells, male and female gametocytes, which develop in the mosquito)
Morphology
- Infected red blood cells:
- P.falciparum: Same size and shape as non-parasitized RBCs, with 6-12 coarse brick-red dots.
- P.vivax: Larger than non-parasitized RBCs, with red granules (Schuffner's dots).
- P.malariae: Same size as non-parasitized RBCs, with fine stippling (Ziemann's stippling).
- P.ovale: Enlarged and oval in shape, with fimbriated margins (Maurer's cleft) and fine stippling.
- Trophozoite (ring form):
- P.falciparum: Small rings with a red staining nuclear dot and a small amount of blue-staining cytoplasm.
- P.vivax: Ring form with a nuclear dot and a crescent of cytoplasm.
- P.malariae: Ring form resembles P.vivax, but with a thicker and more intensely stained cytoplasm.
- P.ovale: Ring form with a nuclear dot and a crescent of cytoplasm.
- Trophozoite (developing):
- P.falciparum: Pigments group together in a compact form, rarely amoeboid.
- P.vivax: Larger and more irregular, with an amoeboid form.
- P.malariae: Solid blue cytoplasm with a band across the RBC.
- P.ovale: Resembles P.vivax, but more compact and less amoeboid.
- Schizonts:
- P.falciparum: Only present in blood in pre-terminal phase of infection, containing 12-24 merozoites.
- P.vivax: Contains 12-24 merozoites, with an enlarged infected RBC.
- P.malariae: Contains 6-12 merozoites, with an infected RBC that is not enlarged.
- P.ovale: Contains 6-12 merozoites, with an infected RBC that is enlarged and oval in shape.
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