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Questions and Answers
What type of organism causes malaria?
What type of organism causes malaria?
- Virus
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Eukaryotic protozoan (correct)
Which of the following stages occurs first in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp. after a mosquito bite?
Which of the following stages occurs first in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp. after a mosquito bite?
- Release of gametes
- Division into merozoites
- Travel to the liver (correct)
- Infection of red blood cells
What is the function of the apical complex found in Plasmodium spp.?
What is the function of the apical complex found in Plasmodium spp.?
- To store nutrients
- To produce energy
- To reproduce asexually
- To penetrate host cells (correct)
What is the primary determinant of the incubation period of malaria after a mosquito bite?
What is the primary determinant of the incubation period of malaria after a mosquito bite?
During which phase do merozoites asexually reproduce?
During which phase do merozoites asexually reproduce?
What significant impact did malaria have according to estimates in 2013?
What significant impact did malaria have according to estimates in 2013?
What is the final reproductive product formed in the mosquito gut after gametocytes fuse?
What is the final reproductive product formed in the mosquito gut after gametocytes fuse?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with malaria?
Which of the following symptoms is commonly associated with malaria?
What role do female Anopheles mosquitoes play in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.?
What role do female Anopheles mosquitoes play in the life cycle of Plasmodium spp.?
What is one of the reasons malaria has not been eliminated despite its impact?
What is one of the reasons malaria has not been eliminated despite its impact?
Match the stage of Plasmodium spp. lifecycle with its description:
Match the stage of Plasmodium spp. lifecycle with its description:
Match the symptom of malaria with its description:
Match the symptom of malaria with its description:
Match the component of the Plasmodium lifecycle with its location:
Match the component of the Plasmodium lifecycle with its location:
Match the aspect of malaria with its impact:
Match the aspect of malaria with its impact:
Match the malaria treatment success factor with its description:
Match the malaria treatment success factor with its description:
Match the stage of Plasmodium spp lifecycle with its reproductive type:
Match the stage of Plasmodium spp lifecycle with its reproductive type:
Match the term related to Plasmodium spp. with its meaning:
Match the term related to Plasmodium spp. with its meaning:
Match the type of mosquito with its role in malaria transmission:
Match the type of mosquito with its role in malaria transmission:
Match the impact of malaria with its broader context:
Match the impact of malaria with its broader context:
Match the life cycle event with the corresponding consequence:
Match the life cycle event with the corresponding consequence:
What is the result of sporozoites entering the bloodstream during the asexual phase?
What is the result of sporozoites entering the bloodstream during the asexual phase?
During the exoerythrocytic phase, what happens to the sporozoites in the liver?
During the exoerythrocytic phase, what happens to the sporozoites in the liver?
What stage leads to the production of more merozoites in the erythrocytic phase?
What stage leads to the production of more merozoites in the erythrocytic phase?
What is the primary result of red blood cells entering the gametocyte phase?
What is the primary result of red blood cells entering the gametocyte phase?
In which location does the multiplication of sporozoites into merozoites primarily occur?
In which location does the multiplication of sporozoites into merozoites primarily occur?
What is the role of merozoites in the life cycle of the malarial parasite?
What is the role of merozoites in the life cycle of the malarial parasite?
How are gametocytes transmitted from the human host to the mosquito?
How are gametocytes transmitted from the human host to the mosquito?
What distinct characteristic identifies the ring trophozoite phase?
What distinct characteristic identifies the ring trophozoite phase?
In the context of malaria, which stage represents the sexual reproduction phase?
In the context of malaria, which stage represents the sexual reproduction phase?
Match the phases of the malarial parasite life cycle with their mechanisms:
Match the phases of the malarial parasite life cycle with their mechanisms:
Match the phases of the malarial parasite life cycle with their locations:
Match the phases of the malarial parasite life cycle with their locations:
Match the phase of the malarial parasite life cycle with its result:
Match the phase of the malarial parasite life cycle with its result:
Match the terms related to the malarial life cycle with their definitions:
Match the terms related to the malarial life cycle with their definitions:
Match the component of the life cycle with its primary characteristic:
Match the component of the life cycle with its primary characteristic:
Match the reproductive types with the corresponding phases:
Match the reproductive types with the corresponding phases:
Match the result of each phase with their descriptions:
Match the result of each phase with their descriptions:
Match the locations of the stages with the malarial parasite life cycle:
Match the locations of the stages with the malarial parasite life cycle:
Match the phase of the parasite life cycle with its primary function:
Match the phase of the parasite life cycle with its primary function:
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Study Notes
Malaria
- Caused by a eukaryotic protozoan pathogen called Plasmodium spp.
- Multiple species of Plasmodium can cause malaria, with varying severity
- Plasmodium is part of the Apicomplexans, all members are parasitic to animals
- Apicomplexans have a specialized structure called an apical complex, designed to penetrate host cells
- Plasmodium has a complex life cycle with both asexual and sexual phases
Life Cycle
- Sporozoites: Transferred to humans via a bite from a female Anopheles mosquito
- Sporozoites travel to the liver and infect liver cells
- Merozoites: Sporozoites divide asexually inside liver cells, producing merozoites
- Liver cells burst, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream
- Merozoites infect red blood cells and reproduce asexually inside them
- Some merozoites turn into male and female gametocytes
- Gametocytes are picked up by a mosquito during a blood meal
- Gametes: Gametocytes mature and release gametes inside the mosquito gut, fusing to form a zygote
- Sporozoites: The zygote develops into sporozoites, migrating to the mosquito's salivary glands where they can infect new hosts
Key Facts
- Incubation period after a mosquito bite: 7 to 30 days, depending on the Plasmodium species
- Curable if caught early and treated properly
- Symptoms vary from mild to severe, even death
- Common symptoms: fever, chills, sweats, headaches, nausea/vomiting, body aches, discomfort
- World Health Organization estimated 198 million clinical cases of malaria in 2013
- Malaria was responsible for roughly 500,000 deaths in 2013
- Countries where malaria occurs are highlighted in red on a map
Malaria Pathogen
- Malaria is caused by a eukaryotic protozoan pathogen called Plasmodium spp.
- Different Plasmodium species cause varying degrees of malaria severity.
- All Plasmodium species are parasitic to animals.
- Plasmodium has a specialized structure called an apical complex used to penetrate host cells.
- Plasmodium has a complex life cycle with both asexual and sexual phases.
Malaria Life Cycle
- Plasmodium sporozoites are transferred to humans via a female Anopheles mosquito bite.
- Sporozoites travel to the liver and infect liver cells.
- Inside liver cells, sporozoites divide asexually to produce merozoites.
- Liver cells burst, releasing merozoites into the bloodstream.
- Merozoites infect red blood cells and reproduce asexually inside them.
- Some merozoites develop into male and female gametocytes.
- When a female mosquito bites an infected host, it ingests gametocytes.
- Inside the mosquito, gametocytes mature, release gametes, and fuse to form a zygote by sexual reproduction.
- Zygotes develop into sporozoites, which migrate to the mosquito's salivary glands.
Malaria Symptoms and Treatment
- The incubation period for malaria is 7 to 30 days, depending on the Plasmodium species involved.
- Malaria is curable if diagnosed and treated early.
- Malaria symptoms can range from mild or none to severe disease and death.
- Common symptoms include fever, chills, sweats, headaches, nausea and vomiting, body aches, and discomfort.
Malaria Impact
- In 2013, there were approximately 198 million clinical cases of malaria.
- Malaria caused about 500,000 deaths in 2013.
- Malaria is prevalent in many countries worldwide.
Asexual Stage
- The malarial parasite enters a human through the saliva of an infected mosquito
- The parasite is called a sporozoite at this stage
- The sporozoite enters the human bloodstream
Exoerythrocytic Phase
- The sporozoite travels to the liver where it invades liver cells
- Once inside the liver cell, it multiplies
- This process in the liver creates many merozoites
Erythrocytic Phase
- Merozoites move from the liver back into the bloodstream
- Merozoites infect red blood cells
- Inside the red blood cell, the merozoite develops through the ring trophozoite stage
- More merozoites are produced, which burst out of red blood cells to infect more red blood cells
Gametocyte Phase
- Some merozoites within red blood cells enter a sexual phase
- The infected red blood cells become gametocytes
- The gametocytes are male or female
- An uninfected mosquito ingests the gametocytes when it feeds
- The gametocytes continue the life cycle within the mosquito
Asexual Phase
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Sporozoites are introduced into the bloodstream through a mosquito's saliva.
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Sporozoites enter the human host.
Exoerythrocytic Phase
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Sporozoites invade liver cells and multiply.
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This stage happens in the liver.
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The liver produces a large number of merozoites.
Erythrocytic Phase
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Merozoites enter the bloodstream and invade red blood cells.
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This stage happens in the red blood cells.
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A ring trophozoite phase occurs, producing more merozoites, which burst out and infect more red blood cells.
Gametocyte Phase
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Some red blood cells enter a sexual cycle, producing gametocytes (male and female).
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This stage happens in the blood.
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Gametocytes are passed on to another mosquito when it feeds on the infected blood.
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