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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mode of transmission for malaria?
What is the primary mode of transmission for malaria?
- Consumption of contaminated food and water
- Vector-borne through insect bites (correct)
- Inhalation of infected particles
- Direct contact with infected individuals
Which demographic is most at risk for severe effects of malaria?
Which demographic is most at risk for severe effects of malaria?
- Young children and pregnant women (correct)
- Teenagers and young adults
- Healthy middle-aged adults
- Elderly men and women
Which of the following statements correctly identifies an unusual mode of malaria transmission?
Which of the following statements correctly identifies an unusual mode of malaria transmission?
- Transmission through blood transfusion (correct)
- Malaria spread by sharing food with an infected individual
- Transmission through contaminated stepping on mosquito larvae
- Malaria transmitted via human-to-human contact
What is most likely to increase the incidence of malaria in endemic areas?
What is most likely to increase the incidence of malaria in endemic areas?
What is a common misconception about how malaria spreads?
What is a common misconception about how malaria spreads?
What is the result of the zygote formation in the lifecycle being discussed?
What is the result of the zygote formation in the lifecycle being discussed?
In immunocompromised individuals, what is the typical nature of the disease caused by the discussed pathogen?
In immunocompromised individuals, what is the typical nature of the disease caused by the discussed pathogen?
What common source of infection is highlighted for the discussed condition?
What common source of infection is highlighted for the discussed condition?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the sporozoite stage?
Which of the following statements correctly describes the sporozoite stage?
What is typically observed in AIDS patients suffering from the discussed infection?
What is typically observed in AIDS patients suffering from the discussed infection?
What stage in the malaria life cycle is characterized by the arrangement of merozoites in a 'Maltese cross' formation?
What stage in the malaria life cycle is characterized by the arrangement of merozoites in a 'Maltese cross' formation?
Which of the following treatments is considered the drug of choice for malaria?
Which of the following treatments is considered the drug of choice for malaria?
Which of the following methods is NOT a diagnostic tool for malaria?
Which of the following methods is NOT a diagnostic tool for malaria?
What major physiological response is typically associated with malaria infections?
What major physiological response is typically associated with malaria infections?
Which environmental precaution can help prevent tick-borne diseases such as malaria?
Which environmental precaution can help prevent tick-borne diseases such as malaria?
In the context of malaria vectors, what role do ticks play?
In the context of malaria vectors, what role do ticks play?
Which stage follows the ookinete formation in the malaria life cycle?
Which stage follows the ookinete formation in the malaria life cycle?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with malaria infection?
What symptom is NOT commonly associated with malaria infection?
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Study Notes
Malaria
- One of the three major infectious disease threats, along with HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis.
- Cases increase during rainy seasons.
- Primarily affects young children and pregnant women in endemic areas.
Sources of Exposure to Infection
- Vector-borne (arthropod borne)
- Other modes of transmission:
- Imported malaria: Individuals travel from countries with endemic malaria and spread the disease.
- Transfusion malaria: Infected blood donations.
- Mainline malaria: Sharing needles among drug users.
Morphology
- Infective stage: Oocysts
- Disease usually self-limiting
Pathology
- Immunocompetent individuals experience self-limiting diarrhea within 2-3 weeks.
- Immunocompromised individuals experience severe diarrhea, bile duct and gallbladder infections, blunted intestinal villi, malabsorption, and excessive fluid loss.
- AIDS patients experience severe, life-threatening diarrhea that progressively worsens.
Sources of Infection
- Faulty water purification systems
- Swimming in contaminated recreational water
Babesiosis
- Associated with excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF).
- Most cases are subclinical and self-limiting.
- Symptoms: Headache, high-grade fever, chills, vomiting, myalgia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), hypotension, respiratory distress, and renal insufficiency.
Diagnosis
- Microscopy of Giemsa-stained peripheral blood smear:
- Merozoites in a Maltese cross arrangement.
- Ring form, the most frequent intraerythrocytic form found.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): Gold standard.
- Immunofluorescent assays (IFA).
- Immunochromatographic test (ICT).
- Hamster intraperitoneal inoculation.
Treatment
- Drug of choice: Clindamycin
- Drug combination: Clindamycin and Quinine or Azithromycin and Atovaquone.
- Chloroquine: Former drug of choice, but only improves symptoms and not the degree of parasitemia.
- Human babesiosis is not yet reported in the Philippines, but it is present in dogs (Babesia canis).
Prevention and Control
- Avoid places where ticks are usually found.
- Wear light-colored pants tucked into socks.
- Check for ticks (especially with children).
- Control rodent populations.
Cryptosporidium
- Each sporulated oocyst contains 4 sporozoites.
- Similar to cryptosporidium and causes watery diarrhea.
Coccidian Parasites
- Immature oocysts seen in the feces of patients contain two sporoblasts.
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