Malaria Control Challenges

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Questions and Answers

What is one of the limitations of controlling mosquito vectors?

Financial constraints (correct)

Limited understanding of mosquito behavior

Lack of effective mosquito traps

Insufficient trained personnel

What is a major limitation of programs to treat and control malaria?

Inadequate trained medical personnel

Poverty in most endemic regions (correct)

Limited availability of antimalarial drugs

Inadequate medical infrastructure

What is a major challenge in treating malaria?

Inadequate medical infrastructure

Lack of effective diagnostic tests

Development of resistance to available drugs (correct)

Inadequate funding for treatment programs

What is a limitation in preventing malaria?

Lack of a very effective malaria vaccine Signup and view all the answers

What is a major gap in our understanding of malaria?

Incomplete understanding of Plasmodia biology Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of white blood cells are neutrophils?

40-70% Signup and view all the answers

Where are neutrophils formed?

Bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

What is the lifespan of neutrophils in the peripheral blood?

7-10 hours Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of neutrophils during an immune response?

To attack and kill pathogens Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which neutrophils migrate toward the site of inflammation?

Chemotaxis Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of neutrophils after staining with hematoxylin?

Stain neutral pink Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of neutrophils during the acute phase of inflammation?

To migrate to the site of inflammation Signup and view all the answers

What is the name given to the movement of neutrophils in and out of cells and tissue during infection?

Motility Signup and view all the answers

What does the Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) test measure?

The number of neutrophils and other granulocytes in a blood sample Signup and view all the answers

What is the unit of measurement for the ANC result?

cells/μL Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of ANC count in adults in terms of cell count?

1500-8000 cells/mm3 Signup and view all the answers

What is neutropenia characterized by?

A decrease in circulating neutrophils Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for a reduced number of blood granulocytes?

Granulocytopenia Signup and view all the answers

What is the grade of neutropenia if the count is 1,000/uL?

Grade 2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of mature/ segmented neutrophils in terms of cell count?

2500-6000 cells/mm3 Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the ANC test in laboratory examination?

To detect various medical conditions Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Challenges in Controlling Malaria

Efforts to control mosquito vectors, particularly the A. gambiae complex, are hindered by financial constraints and insecticide resistance.
Poverty in endemic regions severely limits programs to treat and control malaria.
Malaria parasites have consistently developed resistance to available drugs.
A highly effective malaria vaccine is lacking.
Incomplete understanding of Plasmodia biology and host response to parasite infection hinders the development of new control strategies.

White Blood Cells

There are five types of leukocytes found in peripheral blood: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils (granulocytes), lymphocytes, and monocytes.
All white blood cells have nuclei, which distinguishes them from other blood cells and platelets.

Neutrophils

Neutrophils are the most abundant granulocytes, occupying 40-70% of total white blood cells.
They are formed from stem cells in the bone marrow and released into peripheral blood, where they circulate for 7-10 hours before migrating into tissues.
Neutrophils are highly motile, allowing them to move in and out of cells and tissues during infection.
They are divided into two groups: neutrophil-killers and neutrophil-cagers.
Neutrophils are part of the innate immune system and respond to inflammation, migrating towards the site of inflammation through chemotaxis.

Neutrophil Test

The Absolute Neutrophil Count (ANC) measures the number of neutrophils and other granulocytes present in a blood sample.
ANC is usually performed as part of a complete blood count to measure different blood cells.
The test measures mature and immature neutrophils, with abnormal counts associated with various medical conditions.

Neutrophil Normal Range

The normal range of ANC count in adults: 1500-8000 cells/mm³.
The normal range of mature/segmented neutrophils: 2500-6000 cells/mm³.
The normal range of immature/band neutrophils: 0-500 cells/mm³.
In terms of percentage of WBC:
- The normal range of ANC count in adults: 40-45%.
- The normal range of mature/segmented neutrophils: 40-60%.
- The normal range of immature neutrophils: 0-5%.

Neutropenia

Neutropenia is a decrease in circulating neutrophils, characterized by a count of less than 1500/μL.
It results from decreased production of neutrophils or increased destruction of these cells.
Granulocytopenia is defined as a reduced number of blood granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils).
Grading of neutropenia:
- Grade 1: 1,500/μL - lower limit of normal
- Grade 2: 1,000/μL -
- ...

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Description

This quiz discusses the challenges in controlling malaria, including financial constraints, insecticide resistance, and the development of resistance to available drugs.