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What is the shape of gametocytes of P.falciparum?
What is the shape of gametocytes of P.falciparum?
What is the purpose of primaquine in the treatment of malaria?
What is the purpose of primaquine in the treatment of malaria?
What is the drug of choice for acute malaria?
What is the drug of choice for acute malaria?
Why is chloroquine not sufficient to completely treat malaria?
Why is chloroquine not sufficient to completely treat malaria?
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What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis for travelers?
What is the purpose of chemoprophylaxis for travelers?
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What is the purpose of insecticide spraying in malaria control?
What is the purpose of insecticide spraying in malaria control?
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What is a consequence of intravascular hemolysis in malaria?
What is a consequence of intravascular hemolysis in malaria?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for malaria?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for malaria?
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What is the term used to describe the aggregation of infected and non-infected erythrocytes in P. falciparum malaria?
What is the term used to describe the aggregation of infected and non-infected erythrocytes in P. falciparum malaria?
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What is the term used to describe the sudden and severe hemoglobinuria in malaria?
What is the term used to describe the sudden and severe hemoglobinuria in malaria?
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What is a characteristic symptom of cerebral malaria?
What is a characteristic symptom of cerebral malaria?
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Which species of Plasmodium is associated with relapses?
Which species of Plasmodium is associated with relapses?
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What is the primary organ affected in splenomegaly?
What is the primary organ affected in splenomegaly?
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What is the term used to describe the dormant liver stage of P. vivax and P. ovale?
What is the term used to describe the dormant liver stage of P. vivax and P. ovale?
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What is the shape of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite?
What is the shape of the Toxoplasma gondii parasite?
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What is the primary location of the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of Toxoplasma gondii?
What is the primary location of the sexual and asexual reproductive cycles of Toxoplasma gondii?
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What is the mode of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from mothers to their fetus during pregnancy?
What is the mode of transmission of Toxoplasma gondii from mothers to their fetus during pregnancy?
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What is the infective form of Toxoplasma gondii found in contaminated food and water?
What is the infective form of Toxoplasma gondii found in contaminated food and water?
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Where do the ingested parasites initially infect in the definitive host?
Where do the ingested parasites initially infect in the definitive host?
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What is the process that occurs within the epithelial cells of the ileum after ingestion of the parasite?
What is the process that occurs within the epithelial cells of the ileum after ingestion of the parasite?
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What is the outcome of cell rupture in the definitive host?
What is the outcome of cell rupture in the definitive host?
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Where do the merozoites released from cell rupture infect in the definitive host?
Where do the merozoites released from cell rupture infect in the definitive host?
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What is the function of the diploid zygote in the Plasmodium life cycle?
What is the function of the diploid zygote in the Plasmodium life cycle?
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What is the typical timing of febrile episodes in tertian malaria?
What is the typical timing of febrile episodes in tertian malaria?
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What is the likely cause of fever in malaria?
What is the likely cause of fever in malaria?
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Where do the sporozoites migrate to in the mosquito?
Where do the sporozoites migrate to in the mosquito?
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What is the most common symptom of acute toxoplasmosis?
What is the most common symptom of acute toxoplasmosis?
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How long after the erythrocytic cycle begins do symptoms typically appear?
How long after the erythrocytic cycle begins do symptoms typically appear?
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What is the primary method of diagnosis for toxoplasmosis?
What is the primary method of diagnosis for toxoplasmosis?
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What is the usual outcome of acute toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent individual?
What is the usual outcome of acute toxoplasmosis in an immunocompetent individual?
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What is the result of the fertilization process in the Plasmodium life cycle?
What is the result of the fertilization process in the Plasmodium life cycle?
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What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?
What is the recommended treatment for congenital toxoplasmosis?
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What is the term for the period of time between febrile episodes in tertian malaria?
What is the term for the period of time between febrile episodes in tertian malaria?
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What is the most effective way to prevent toxoplasmosis?
What is the most effective way to prevent toxoplasmosis?
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What is the result of the oocyst stage in the Plasmodium life cycle?
What is the result of the oocyst stage in the Plasmodium life cycle?
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What is the temperature required to kill Toxoplasma cysts in meat?
What is the temperature required to kill Toxoplasma cysts in meat?
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What is a common complication of congenital toxoplasmosis?
What is a common complication of congenital toxoplasmosis?
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What is the primary risk group for serious, often fatal disease due to toxoplasmosis?
What is the primary risk group for serious, often fatal disease due to toxoplasmosis?
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Study Notes
Malaria
- Caused by four plasmodia species: Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium falciparum
- Presents with abrupt onset of fever and chills, accompanied by headache, myalgia, and arthralgia, about 2 weeks after the mosquito bite
- Fever spike can reach 41°C, frequently accompanied by shaking chills, nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain
- Splenomegaly and hepatomegaly are seen in most patients, with anemia being prominent
- Untreated malaria caused by P.falciparum is potentially life-threatening due to extensive brain (cerebral malaria) and kidney (black water fever) damage
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Diagnosis rests on microscopic examination of blood using both thick and thin Giemsa-stained smears
- Thick smear is used to screen for the presence of organisms, and the thin smear is used for species identification
- Ring-shaped trophozoites can be seen within infected red blood cells
- Gametocytes of P.falciparum are crescent-shaped ("banana-shaped"), whereas those of other plasmodia are spherical
Treatment
- The complete treatment of malaria requires the destruction of three parasitic forms: erythrocytic schizont, hepatic schizont, and erythrocytic gametocyte
- Chloroquine is the drug of choice for acute malaria, killing merozoites and reducing parasitemia
- Primaquine is used to kill hypnozoites of P.vivax and P.ovale in the liver, preventing relapses
Control and Prevention
- Insecticide spraying, improvements in land drainage, and removal of standing water, particularly in inhabited areas
- Chemoprophylaxis of malaria for travelers to areas where chloroquine-resistant P.falciparum is endemic consists of mefloquine or doxycycline
- Travelers to areas where other three plasmodia are found should take chloroquine starting 2 weeks before arrival and continuing for 6 weeks after departure
Toxoplasma
- Causes toxoplasmosis, an obligate intracellular sporozoan
- Differing from Plasmodium in that both sexual and asexual reproductive cycles occur within the gastrointestinal tract of felines (definitive host) and the disease is transmitted to other host species by the ingestion of oocysts passed in the feces of infected felines
Epidemiology
- Human infections are found in every region of the globe, with higher incidence in the tropics and lower in cold regions
- Transmission occurs through:
- Congenital transmission from mothers to their fetus during pregnancy
- Ingestion of contaminated food and water with sporulated oocysts from cat feces
- Ingestion of bradyzoites (tissue cysts) in infective meat
Life Cycle
- Sexual reproduction of T.gondii occurs only in the intestinal tract of felines, most commonly in the domestic cat
- Ingested parasites enter the epithelial cells of the ileum, where they undergo schizogony
- Merozoites are released, infecting adjacent epithelial cells, and eventually differentiating into gametocytes, initiating sexual reproduction
Clinical Disease and Clinical Findings
- Acute toxoplasmosis: painful, swollen, lymph glands, fever, headache, anemia, muscle pain, and sometimes pulmonary complications
- Congenital toxoplasmosis: abortion, stillbirth, or neonatal disease with encephalitis, chorioretinitis, and hepatosplenomegaly
- In immunocompromised hosts: serious, often fatal disease, primarily encephalitis
Laboratory Diagnosis
- Serologic procedures are the primary method of diagnosis
- Immunofluorescence assay for IgM antibody is used for the diagnosis of acute and congenital infections
Treatment
- Acute toxoplasmosis in immunocompetent individuals is usually self-limited
- Congenital toxoplasmosis, whether symptomatic or asymptomatic, and disseminated disease in immunocompromised patients should be treated with a combination of sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine
Prevention
- Most effective means of preventing toxoplasmosis is to cook meat thoroughly to kill the cysts
- Pregnant women should be especially careful to avoid undercooked meat and contact with cats
- Cysts in meat can be destroyed by proper cooking (56°C for 15 minutes) or by freezing to –20°C
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Description
This quiz covers the complications of malaria, including anemia, hemoglobinuria, and cerebral malaria, and their effects on the body.
