Malaria and Plasmodium Species
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Questions and Answers

What is the longest incubation period amongst the listed Plasmodium species?

  • P. falciparum
  • P. vivax
  • P. malariae (correct)
  • P. ovale

    • Which of the following symptoms is not typically associated with Cerebral Malaria?

  • Abnormal behavior
  • Seizures
  • Nausea and vomiting (correct)
  • Impairment of consciousness

    • What is the purpose of prophylaxis in malaria prevention?

  • To prevent transmission of the disease
  • To cure the disease
  • To eliminate the parasite from the liver
  • To delay symptoms by weeks to months (correct)

    • What is the typical duration of the incubation period for malaria?

    <p>7-30 days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which species of Plasmodium is associated with severe anemia due to hemolysis?

    <p>P. falciparum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do residents in malaria-endemic areas often treat themselves without seeking diagnostic confirmation?

    <p>They recognize the symptoms as malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the liver stage in malaria?

    <p>The dormant stage may not be killed by anti-parasitic drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relevance of travel history in malaria diagnosis?

    <p>It is relevant for at least a year after return from an endemic area</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a decrease in blood platelets?

    <p>Thrombocytopenia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate test for diagnosing malaria?

    <p>PCR</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for excessive acidity in the blood and tissue fluids?

    <p>Metabolic acidosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of red blood cells infected by malaria parasites is considered hyperparasitemia?

    <p>5%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for low blood glucose?

    <p>Hypoglycemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of chemoprophylaxis?

    <p>To prevent malaria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most important factor to consider when assessing the risk of malaria in a traveler?

    <p>Destination of travel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of malaria cases in the US per year?

    <p>1500</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Cryptosporidiosis?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated water or recreational water contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Giardia?

    <p>It is a zoonotic disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary host of Toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Cats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a symptom of Giardiasis?

    <p>Greasy stools that tend to float</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Fasciolopsis?

    <p>Ingestion of contaminated water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups is at higher risk of severe disease due to Cryptosporidiosis?

    <p>Immunocompromised individuals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission of Toxoplasmosis?

    <p>Ingestion of undercooked meat or exposure to oocysts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Cryptosporidium?

    <p>It is resistant to chlorine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of people infected with Ascaris lumbricoides worldwide?

    <p>1 billion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common complication of Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

    <p>Intestinal obstruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do people typically get infected with Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Through ingesting eggs found in soil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary symptom of Enterobius vermicularis infection?

    <p>Intense perianal itching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do Enterobius vermicularis eggs spread through a household?

    <p>Through eggs remaining on clothing and bedding</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the preferred diagnostic method for Ascaris lumbricoides infection?

    <p>Stool sample</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parasites is commonly found in the US?

    <p>Enterobius vermicularis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical habitat of Ascaris lumbricoides?

    <p>Small intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many eggs can a female Enterobius vermicularis deposit at night?

    <p>20,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mode of transmission for Enterobius vermicularis?

    <p>Fecal-oral route</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acute renal failure is a rare complication of malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hypoglycemia is only seen in pregnant women with severe malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    More than 50% of malaria cases in the US are caused by P. vivax.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Serology is a reliable method for diagnosing current malaria infections.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malaria can be diagnosed by detecting antibodies in the blood.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PCR test is a rapid and inexpensive method for diagnosing malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cryptosporidiosis is typically spread through contaminated food.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Thrombocytopenia is a rare complication of malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The style and duration of travel have no impact on the risk of malaria.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardiasis is the most common parasitic infection in the US.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxoplasmosis is commonly spread through undercooked pork.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasciolopsis is a type of liver fluke.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cryptosporidiosis is easily treated with chlorine-disinfected water.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Giardiasis is commonly spread through oral-anal sex.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Toxoplasmosis is a significant risk for immunocompromised individuals.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fasciola sp. is a type of schistosome.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasmodium malariae has the shortest incubation period amongst the listed Plasmodium species.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Malaria symptoms may include mild jaundice.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cerebral malaria is characterized by normal behavior, consciousness, and seizures.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hemoglobinuria is a complication of malaria due to hemolysis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pulmonary edema or acute respiratory distress syndrome may occur even before the parasite counts have decreased in response to treatment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Travel is relevant for at least six months after return for malaria prophylaxis.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The liver stage of malaria can be killed by anti-parasitic drugs.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Residents in malaria-endemic areas often seek diagnostic confirmation before treating themselves.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascaris lumbricoides infects around 2 million people worldwide.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enterobius vermicularis is commonly found in South America.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Taenia saginata is a type of fluke.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Schistosoma sp. are a type of nematode.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascaris lumbricoides can cause intestinal obstruction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enterobius vermicularis is typically diagnosed through symptoms and stool samples.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascaris lumbricoides can cause respiratory obstruction.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dipylidium caninum is a type of tapeworm that infects humans.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ascaris lumbricoides can cause appendicitis.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Enterobius vermicularis eggs can survive for up to 72 hours on clothing and bedding.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Malaria

    • Caused by Plasmodium spp.: Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium malariae, and Plasmodium ovale
    • Incubation period: 7-30 days, with P.falciparum having the shortest and P.malariae having the longest incubation period
    • Symptoms: fever, chills, sweating, headache, nausea, vomiting, body aches, and general malaise
    • Physical findings: elevated temperature, perspiration, weakness, and enlarged spleen
    • Additional findings in P.falciparum malaria: mild jaundice, enlargement of the liver, and increased respiratory rate
    • Severe malaria complications: cerebral malaria, severe anemia, hemoglobinuria, pulmonary edema, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

    Diagnosis and Treatment

    • Diagnosis: blood smear, antigen detection (rapid test), PCR (most accurate), and serology (detecting antibodies by IFA or ELISA)
    • Chemoprophylaxis: can delay symptoms by weeks to months for P.ovale or P.vivax
    • Four questions to ask for prophylaxis: where is the traveler going, when is the traveler going, what is the style and duration of travel, and who is the traveler

    Parasitic Infections

    • Non-specific clinical signs
    • Limited awareness in medical community
    • Lack of a single broad treatment
    • Clinical presentation aggravated by concurrent disease, poor sanitation

    Helminths

    • Types: roundworms, tapeworms, flukes
    • Nematodes (roundworms): Ascaris lumbricodes
    • Ascaris lumbricodes: found in moist tropical areas, 1 billion infected, 25,000 tons of eggs annually
    • Ascaris lumbricodes clinical presentation: lung (pneumonitis, cough, asthma, dyspnea, pain), abdomen (distension, pain, nausea, vomiting, anal itching, anorexia, malabsorption)
    • Complications: intestinal obstruction, intussusception, cholangitis, obstructive jaundice, appendicitis, intestinal perforation, peritonitis, and respiratory obstruction

    Other Parasitic Infections

    • Enterobius vermicularis (pinworms): common in the US, especially in children, symptoms include intense perianal itching, perineal or vaginal pain in adolescent girls
    • Enterobius diagnosis: symptoms, perineal or vaginal pain, and detecting eggs on clothing and bedding
    • Taenai saginata (beef tapeworm) and Dipylidium caninum (dog tapeworm)
    • Flukes: blood flukes (Schistosoma sp.), liver flukes (Fasciola sp.), and intestinal flukes (Fasciolopsis)
    • Protozoa: Cryptosporidiosis (300,000 cases in the US each year), Giardiasis (worldwide problem, 2nd most common parasitic infection in the US), and Toxoplasmosis (found in many animals, special hosts include pregnant women and immunocompromised individuals)

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