EC : Risque et sécurité

• There are five categories when classifying risks: technological, transportation, conflict-related, daily life and natural

Risque Majeurs

• Natural, technological, and transport-related risks are types of major risks.

Examples of Natural Risks

• Earthquakes, storms, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, floods, tsunamis, landslides, avalanches, and forest fires

Examples of Technological Risks (Linked to Human Activity)

• Industrial risks, nuclear incidents, pollution, erosion, and dam failures

Examples of Collective Transport Risks

• Transporting people and hazardous materials

Major Risk Characteristics

• Probability (randomness) of occurrence
• Economic and/or human stakes

Definition of Major Risk

• A risk of natural or technological origin involving a large number of people and causing significant damage affecting both people and property

Risk Severity

• Natural risks are classified according to 6 levels of severity:
• Level 0 (Incident): No injuries
• Level 1 (Accident): 1 or more injured
• Level 2 (Serious Accident): 1 to 9 deaths
• Level 3 (Serious Accident): 10 to 99 deaths
• Level 4 (Catastrophe): 100 to 999 deaths
• Level 5 (Major Catastrophe): Over 1000 deaths

Targets of Major Risks

• People
• Material goods
• Natural environment
• Installations and equipment

Factors Aggravating or Favoring Major Risks

• Population density
• Human activity (urbanization)
• Local climate
• Geographical area
• Topography (relief)
• Vegetation
• Traffic flow (related to population density)
• Soil and subsoil composition

Identifying Major Risks

• Every citizen has the right to information about risks or dangers as some are predictable while others are less so, necessitating different means of communication
• The Prefect provides the departmental file of major risks (DDRM)
• The Mayor provides the municipal information file of major risks (DICRIM)
• These documents are available for consultation at the town hall or prefecture

General Prevention Guidelines

• Prevention involves implementing measures to reduce human or economic risks/dangers through:
• Informing those residing in "at-risk zones" with appropriate information tailored to the public's understanding through various media (TV, written materials, radio spots, simulations, etc.)

Information Providers

• Information providers include the mayor, the prefect, and the head of the company or industry

Vigilance and Action

• Focus on anticipating events to quickly alert the population
• In case of a major accident, seek shelter, evacuate or confine
• Good practices include confining for toxic product leaks (storms, cyclones), evacuating for earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, floods
• Avoid using the telephone to keep networks open for emergency services
• Listen to radios or other media for instructions or risk updates
• Avoid fetching children from school

Crisis Management

• The mayor is responsible for the safety of people and property in their municipality with support from the municipal safeguard plan
• Business leaders can seek assistance from the mayor or prefect via the internal operator plan based on the severity of the situation
• The Prefect manages the situation at the departmental level using ORSEC and PPJ plans

General Instructions

• General instructions are made available in advance
• Adopt the following behaviors:
  • Before: Prepare
  • During: Follow instructions upon initial alert
  • After: Continue for 30 seconds after the alert ends

Earthquakes

• Earthquakes are vibrations of the ground, which are generated by three types of seismic waves
  • Longitudinal compression waves travel at 3.5-14 km/s
  • Transverse shear waves are perpendicular and faster
  • Surface waves have long wavelengths and slower speeds

Earthquake Measurement Scales

• Mercalli scale measures the extent of damage (1-12 degrees)
• Richter scale measures the magnitude of the earthquake

Richter Scale Levels and Effects

• < 3.5: Not felt but recorded
• 3.5 < 5.4: Felt, minor damage
• 5.4 < 6: Possible damage to buildings
• 6.1 < 6.9: Damage within 100 km
• 7 < 7.9: Major damage over a wide area
• 8 <: Rare, destructive over hundreds of km

Earthquake Safety Instructions

• Before: Have an organization plan and survival kit
• During: Avoid windows, take cover
• After: Beware of aftershocks and do not elevator

Consequences of Earthquakes

• Tsunamis

Cyclones

• Cyclones are rotating low-pressure weather systems characterized by:
  • a strong pressure difference between the center and periphery
  • Circular winds around a low-pressure center (eye)
  • Rotation direction varies by hemisphere due to the Coriolis effect
    • Northern Hemisphere: Counterclockwise rotation
    • Southern Hemisphere: Clockwise rotation

Regional Cyclone Names

• Hurricanes, typhoons, or cyclones are regional variations of the same weather phenomenon characterized by:
  • Strong winds
  • Variable rainfall
  • Storm tides are accumulations of rain and wind causing varied damage depending on the geographical area

Cyclone Targets

• Fragile houses, tall vegetation, electrical and communication networks are targets for high winds
• Rainfall targets cultures and road networks that cause landslides
• Cyclone stages are defined by wind speed
  • Tropical Depression: < 63 km/h (assigned a number)
  • Tropical Storm:. 63-116 km/h (assigned a name)
  • Hurricane: > 118 km/h; classified into categories with an eye appearing at stage 2

Cyclone Season

• The official cyclone season in the Northern Hemisphere is from June 1st to November 30th
• Events can happen out of season with a peak in September

Cyclone Guidelines

• A color-coded vigilance system (winds, rain, storms, swells) and alerts specific to cyclones are important

Floods

• Floods occur when the water level exceeds drainage capacity due to:
  • Dams, construction
  • Local climate, urbanization are factors
  • Natural factors include climate, topography, soil type
  • Artificial factors are obstacles, dams, paved surfaces

Flood Instructions

• Before
  • Have water and non-perishable food that include important things like batteries and flashlights, and know the location of meters.
  • Have barrier ready to stop the water at entry points
• During
  • Shut off gas and electricity and seek high ground
  • Stay out of floodwaters
• After
  • Ventilate and clean, be careful while restore electrics
  • Electrocution from electrical risks are a hazard

General Risk Prevention (Domestic)

• Accidents in homes include
• 11% in bedrooms
• 8.7% on stairs
• 15.4% in kitchens
• 5% in bathrooms
• 14% in Living rooms
• 25.4% in garages/gardens

First Aid

• When providing first aid:
  • Secure the area and remove the injured from immediate danger
  • Only move victims in life-threatening situations
  • Reduce danger and assess injuries
  • Call emergency services with details like:
    • Location
    • Incident type
    • Number of victims and their status
    • Specific risks

Safe victim extraction basics

- Establish a secure grip
- Act as quickly as possible
- Prioritize your safety

Emergency actions

- Ensure that you provide precise and timely warnings because first aid is often a team effort

Emergency Numbers

• 15: SAMU (emergency medical assistance)
• 18: Fire department
• 17: Police (urban) / Gendarmerie (rural)
• 112: European emergency number
• 115: SAMU social (homeless)
• 114: Emergency service for the hearing impaired
• 119: Child abuse hotline
• 3237: Local on-call pharmacy
• 0800391919: Support for people in distress
• 196: Maritime rescue
• 191: Aeronautical emergencies

Guidance for calling the CTA (Emergency Call Center)

• Provide the location, incident type and the accident
• Provide the the number of victims with conditions, along with other risks.
• Provide call number and identity

First Aid Guidance

• First aid by opening airways of someone choking due to blocked airways because it is life threatening
• Signs
  • Victim clutches throat and open mouth

1. Complete obstruction
   • Can't speak, breath or cry and victim will lose consiousness if not treated
2. Partial obstruction
   • Victim can cough and and breathe

Action to take

1. Complete Obstruction
   • Give 5 strong back blows, if this fails the start abdominal thrusts, known as the Heimlich maneuver and keep alternating
   • If foreign object is dislodged and breathing resumes then stop
2. Partial Obstruction
   • Encourage coughing

Techniques

• Back blows and abdominal compression

Bleeding Victim

• Bleeding, that if untretated can lead to hemorrhage, is is dangerous
• Act: locate and staunch the bleeding

First Aid Actions

- Apply pressure to the wound, you might need to improvise
- Get victim to lie and raise the feet
- Call emergency services
- Ensure the bleeding stops before you complete

Techniques

• Apply compression, use compression bandage to secure the wound.
• You may need to call emergency if you have other foreign bodies

Bleeding Nose

- Get the victim to lean forward pressing the nostril for 10 minutes
- Get medical attention if not treated

Vomitting Blood

• Call SAMU, help victim sit up whilst concious of actions

Unconscious victim actions

- The victim will not respond unless treated

Risk is

If left it become very dangerous to health, so seek immediate support

If treated

• Start first responder actions and seek to know what harm has been caused
  • Assess conciousness by asking questions
  • Call to emergency services
  • Do your best to support the victim, and check breathing, by observing the chest, listening and feeling for breath

If breathing

• Place them in the recovery position, this is specific and must be done by an aid responder

Techniques for the PLS position

- Put them on their left, and guide them to roll as you lever the left.
- Points to check on diagram

Burn victims

• Treat cuts and burns based on what you see

Risks with Burns and Cuts

- Hemorrhage

Actions

• Use a tetnus relief injection when applying cold compress, you can support with anti bacterial.

Food Dangers.

A) This affects consumers, as well as those in proximity to food manufacture. B) The issues: poor hygiene, increased output, product preservation and fake foods. C) Initially, items like salt were added, but now, the rise of unnatural items causes concern

Additives

• They include items aimed at improving food consumption

• DGCCRF regulates additive usage and watches out for dangers

  • DTA regulates the ammounts in food

Additives types

• E numbers are identifiers
  • Colorants (natural from fruit, or animal); and appeal to attract
  • Preservatives, antioxidants and micro ogranisms

2 Types

• Emulsifiers, geifers and stabilizers, such as: ice cream, yogart and desert
• Food flavors, and the amount and how they work
  • Natural, natural identicals and artificial

Naming guidance

- Natural is organic
- Identicals copied from nature

Taste

• Artificial flavours that boost impact Classification levels

Health

• Classification of additivies
• List allergies
• Labelling
  • DTA volumes
  • Batch codes
  • Prep guidance

Risks

• Nutriscore, shows product facts
• Risk of health on the market
• modified crops, and disease

Protection

• Check all food products
• Preventative actions