Major Depressive Disorder Overview

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Questions and Answers

What is the defining characteristic of peripartum onset of depressive symptoms?

Symptoms appear only during the postpartum period

Symptoms appear during pregnancy or in the weeks following birth (correct)

Symptoms occur exclusively in childhood

Symptoms are limited to premenstrual phases

What duration is required for a diagnosis of persistent depressive disorder?

At least six months

At least two years (correct)

At least three months

At least one year

Which of the following is a symptom of premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)?

Significant weight loss or gain

Severe mood swings or crying often (correct)

Major changes in sleeping patterns

Severe irritability related to sleep apnea

What condition is characterized by extreme irritability, anger, and intense temper outbursts in children?

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD) Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily associated with satiety in eating regulation?

Leptin Signup and view all the answers

What is classified as morbid obesity in terms of BMI?

BMI over 40 Signup and view all the answers

What behavior is characteristic of anorexia nervosa?

Maintaining a body weight well below average Signup and view all the answers

What does the set-point theory suggest about body weight?

Each individual has an ideal body weight resistant to change Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a symptom of binge eating disorder?

Eating much faster than normal Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of Avoidant/Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID)?

Apparent lack of interest in eating or food Signup and view all the answers

How is rumination disorder best described?

Regurgitating recently eaten food Signup and view all the answers

What behavior may indicate the presence of binge eating disorder?

Eating alone due to embarrassment Signup and view all the answers

One of the treatment stages for children with feeding disturbances is the reward stage. What does this stage involve?

Systematic desensitization techniques Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential consequence of ARFID?

Nutritional deficiency Signup and view all the answers

Pica is characterized by an appetite for which type of substances?

Non-nutritive substances Signup and view all the answers

What is typically a main treatment for rumination disorder?

Behavioral therapy Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by sleepwalking and complex behaviors?

NREM sleep arousal disorder Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment for hypersomnolence disorder?

Ritalin Signup and view all the answers

Night terrors are associated with which of the following symptoms?

Sense of panic and screams Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) from normal REM sleep?

Lack of muscle paralysis Signup and view all the answers

In which sleep disorder are uncomfortable sensations in the legs commonly reported?

Restless leg syndrome Signup and view all the answers

What is a prevalent percentage of REM sleep behavior disorder in older adults?

2% Signup and view all the answers

How is nightmare disorder often associated with PTSD?

50-70% of cases show nightmares Signup and view all the answers

Parasomnias can occur during which phases of sleep?

Either REM or NREM phase Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a definition of alcohol use?

Euphoria Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of alcohol withdrawal?

Tremors Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is classified as a stimulant?

Cocaine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a dangerous side effect of cocaine use?

High fever Signup and view all the answers

What is methamphetamine commonly known for?

Can be made from readily available ingredients Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes stimulant withdrawal?

Dysphoric mood and physiological changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following opioid drugs is used to manage chronic pain?

Methadone Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes stimulant intoxication?

Behavioral and psychological changes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic sign of opioid use disorder?

Strong desire to use opioids Signup and view all the answers

What is a common complication of opioid use disorder?

Opioid overdose Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following withdrawal symptoms is associated with opioid withdrawal?

Muscle aches Signup and view all the answers

What role do methadone clinics play in opioid addiction treatment?

They use methadone to help manage withdrawal symptoms. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes hypnotic drugs?

Drugs primarily used to induce sleep. Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant criterion for hallucinogens according to Leo Hollister?

Changes in thought, perception, and mood should predominate. Signup and view all the answers

Which drug acts as a serotonin agonist?

Mescaline Signup and view all the answers

What kind of effects does phencyclidine (PCP) primarily cause?

Mind-altering effects Signup and view all the answers

What is another name for 'angel dust'?

PCP Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder is characterized by non-psychotic flashbacks of visual hallucinations from previous hallucinogenic experiences?

Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder (HPPD) Signup and view all the answers

Which substance involves the inhalation of volatile vapors or pressurized gases to achieve intoxication?

Inhalants Signup and view all the answers

Inhalant use disorder leads to what type of impacts?

Clinically significant impairment or distress Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary psychoactive component of cannabis?

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of addiction explanation focuses on environmental influences on genes?

Biological Signup and view all the answers

Expectancy theory relates to which aspect of addiction?

Motivation for euphoric states Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'cannabis use disorder' encompass?

Cannabis abuse and dependence Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

Characterized by persistently sad mood, loss of interest, and other symptoms for at least two weeks.
A combination of genetic, environmental, and psychological factors.
Risk factors include family history, major life changes, medications, chronic health problems, and substance abuse.
About 40% of risk is genetic.
Affected 163 million people (2% of global population) in 2017.
Twice as common in women as men.
Diagnosis requires five or more symptoms, causing significant distress or impairment for at least two weeks.
Symptoms include significant weight changes, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness, difficulty concentrating, and suicidal thoughts.

Depression Subtypes

DSM-5 lists subtypes to describe specific types of depression.
Depression with anxious distress: characterized by anxiety symptoms such as tenseness, restlessness, lack of focus, fear, or losing control.
Depression with mixed features: includes manic symptoms like elevated mood, increased energy, or talkativeness.
Depression with melancholic features: lack of interest or pleasure in activities.
Depression with atypical features: elevated mood at times or around certain individuals, weight gain, increased appetite, or excessive sleep.
Mood-congruent or psychotic features: delusions or hallucinations.
Catatonia: person may be immobile or frozen for extended periods.
Seasonal pattern (formerly known as seasonal affective disorder): symptoms only appear during certain times of the year, often fall or winter.
Peripartum onset: appears during/after pregnancy or birth.

Persistent depressive disorder

Characterized by mild to moderate depression for at least two years and two or more of the symptoms of major depressive disorder.
Symptoms such as decreased/increased appetite, sleep difficulties, fatigue, low self-esteem, difficulty concentrating or making decisions, hopelessness, or pessimism.

Disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (DMDD)

Childhood condition of extreme irritability, frequent and intense temper outbursts.
Begin usually prior to the age of 10.

Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

Similar to PMS (premenstrual syndrome) but more severe.
Causes severe irritability, depression or anxiety in the week or two before menstruation.
Symptoms include lasting irritability or anger, sadness, despair, anxiety, panic attacks, mood swings, crying, lack of interest in activities, trouble thinking or focusing, tiredness, food cravings, trouble sleeping, and feeling out of control.

Bipolar I disorder (BD I): characterized by a single manic episode or recurrent manic and depressive episodes.
Bipolar II disorder (BD II): characterized by single (or recurrent) hypomanic episodes and depressive episodes.

Other Mood Disorders (Summary)

Childhood experiences play a significant role in increasing risk of sleep disorders, anxiety disorders, and depression in adulthood
The DSM-V diagnostic criteria are used to diagnose mood disorders.
Treatment options for these conditions include medications (e.g., SSRIs, SNRIs), psychological therapy, and lifestyle modifications.

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Description

This quiz covers the characteristics and diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), including its symptoms and risk factors. It also explores various subtypes of depression as outlined in DSM-5. Test your knowledge about this mental health condition.