Major Depressive Disorder Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic symptom of major depressive disorder?

  • Heightened interest in activities
  • Improved sleep patterns
  • Increased energy
  • Excessive guilt (correct)

    • ICD-11 and DSM-5 have completely different criteria for diagnosing depression.

    False

    What is the primary purpose of the PHQ-2 questionnaire?

  • To diagnose mental disorders
  • To screen for depression (correct)
  • To assess anxiety levels
  • To evaluate the effects of medication

    • A score of 10 or above on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale indicates the presence of depression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one physiological element that could contribute to developing major depressive disorder?

    <p>Neurotransmitter imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A diagnosis of severe depression includes __________ functional impairment.

    <p>complete or near-complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum score achievable on the PHQ-9 questionnaire?

    <p>27</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The PHQ-9 is derived from the _____ criteria of the DSM-5-TR.

    <p>diagnostic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the severity of depression with its characteristics:

    <p>Mild depression = No intense symptoms, some functional impairment Moderate depression = Marked symptoms, considerable functional impairment Severe depression = Most symptoms present to an intense degree, near-complete functional impairment Diminished interest = Loss of pleasure in activities previously enjoyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following questionnaires with their descriptions:

    <p>PHQ-2 = Two-item screening for depression PHQ-9 = Nine-item tool reflecting DSM-5-TR criteria Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale = Screening tool for postnatal women DSM-5-TR = Diagnostic criteria for various mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common psychological model often discussed in relation to the causes of major depressive disorder?

    <p>Psychodynamic model</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anhedonia refers to an increase in interest in previously enjoyed activities.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    List two symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to DSM-5.

    <p>Depressed mood and difficulty concentrating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depression?

    <p>Frequent coughing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Functional impairment is NOT a common consequence of major depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum duration for symptoms to classify as persistent depressive disorder?

    <p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The intensity of symptoms in moderate depression is between __________ and __________.

    <p>mild, severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the severity levels of depression with their characteristics:

    <p>Mild = Few symptoms and manageable distress Moderate = Symptoms between mild and severe Severe = Substantially more symptoms and unmanageable distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following symptoms is indicative of psychomotor agitation?

    <p>Mental restlessness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Recurrent thoughts of death can only occur in severe cases of major depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name any one symptom of major depression related to sleep.

    <p>Insomnia or hypersomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Symptoms of major depression must cause __________ impairment.

    <p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is common in individuals with severe depression?

    <p>Seriously distressing symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is defined as the failure to respond to at least two different antidepressant drugs of different classes?

    <p>Treatment-Resistant Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Older age is considered a risk factor for treatment-resistant depression.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are gene-environment interactions in the context of depression?

    <p>They refer to the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors that may influence the onset of depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The release of _______ is linked to the HPA axis dysregulation in people with depression.

    <p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following risk factors with their categories:

    <p>Female sex = Biological risk factor Unemployment = Environmental factor Family history of depression = Genetic risk factor Chronic pain syndromes = Physical health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with treatment-resistant depression?

    <p>High income</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A single gene has been identified as the major cause of depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the monoamine-deficiency hypothesis related to?

    <p>Deficiency in certain neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological system regulates the body's stress response?

    <p>HPA axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Personal and social factors include issues like _______ and social isolation.

    <p>relationship problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Relaxation techniques such as mindfulness can help increase cortisol levels in the body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about treatment-resistant depression is correct?

    <p>It is characterized by a patient's response to multiple antidepressants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one physical symptom of depression that could be explained by low levels of noradrenaline.

    <p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the psychosocial factors that can contribute to depression is __________.

    <p>trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the psychosocial factors with their descriptions:

    <p>Loss or grief = Emotional pain resulting from someone's death Financial difficulty = Challenges related to economic resources Social isolation = Lack of social connections Prejudice/discrimination = Unjust treatment based on personal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being related to the monoamine-deficiency hypothesis?

    <p>Acetylcholine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinicians do not have any tools to aid in the diagnosis of depression.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What biological mechanism may explain the effects of depression aside from neurotransmitter deficiency?

    <p>Gut microbiota changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ can affect how susceptible an individual is to depression.

    <p>genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a psychosocial factor listed in the content?

    <p>Cognitive ability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Intended Learning Outcomes

    • Students will learn the clinical features of depressive disorders, including diagnostic criteria.
    • Students will learn about the causes and risks of major depressive disorder, focusing on both physiological and psychological factors.

    Introduction

    • Several types of depressive disorders exist, typically characterized by low mood, loss of interest, and physical symptoms.
    • This study focuses on major depressive disorder.

    Diagnostic Criteria

    • Two main systems exist for diagnosis: ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) and DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
    • ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria are largely similar in their diagnostic outcomes, despite some differences.

    ICD-11 Criteria for Depressive Disorder

    • Symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest, changes in sleep, psychomotor changes, reduced energy, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death.
    • Mild depression involves symptoms without intense degrees, causing some functional impairment.
    • Moderate depression includes several symptoms to a marked degree, leading to considerable, but not complete, functional impairment.
    • Severe depression presents many or most characteristic symptoms intensely, leading to complete or near-complete functional impairment.

    DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder

    • Five or more symptoms must be present for a two-week period, representing a change from previous functioning.
    • Symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest, significant changes in appetite/sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
    • Mild depression: symptoms present to a lesser degree causing minor impairment.
    • Moderate depression: number and intensity of symptoms between mild and severe, causing significant functional disruption.
    • Severe depression: number and intensity of symptoms significantly exceed criteria, noticeably interfering with daily life.

    Treatment-Resistant Depression

    • Treatment-resistant depression involves failure to respond to at least two different antidepressant medications appropriately dosed for at least four weeks
    • Various risk factors potentially contribute to depression

    Risk Factors

    • Age, sex, past history of depression, personal/social/environmental factors, family history, specific medical conditions, and other chronic conditions.

    Biological Factors

    • Dysregulation of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis could be related to depression.
    • Cortisol levels are often elevated in depressed individuals.
    • Monoamine deficiency hypothesis proposes neurotransmitter deficiencies might contribute to depression symptoms.

    Psychological Factors

    • Stress/Grief, trauma, financial difficulties, and social isolation can all contribute to depression.

    Tools for Diagnosis

    • PHQ-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2): a short screening tool identifying possible depression.
    • PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9): a more extensive questionnaire reflecting DSM-5-TR criteria for depression, measuring symptom severity.
    • Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: a specific scale used to assess depression during and after childbirth.

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    A Quick Introduction to Depression PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of major depressive disorder. Students will understand both the physiological and psychological factors contributing to depressive disorders. The focus will be on ICD-11 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosis.

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