Major Depressive Disorder Overview
43 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following represents a characteristic symptom of major depressive disorder?

  • Heightened interest in activities
  • Improved sleep patterns
  • Increased energy
  • Excessive guilt (correct)

ICD-11 and DSM-5 have completely different criteria for diagnosing depression.

False (B)

What is the primary purpose of the PHQ-2 questionnaire?

  • To diagnose mental disorders
  • To screen for depression (correct)
  • To assess anxiety levels
  • To evaluate the effects of medication

A score of 10 or above on the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale indicates the presence of depression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one physiological element that could contribute to developing major depressive disorder?

<p>Neurotransmitter imbalances</p> Signup and view all the answers

A diagnosis of severe depression includes __________ functional impairment.

<p>complete or near-complete</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the maximum score achievable on the PHQ-9 questionnaire?

<p>27</p> Signup and view all the answers

The PHQ-9 is derived from the _____ criteria of the DSM-5-TR.

<p>diagnostic</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the severity of depression with its characteristics:

<p>Mild depression = No intense symptoms, some functional impairment Moderate depression = Marked symptoms, considerable functional impairment Severe depression = Most symptoms present to an intense degree, near-complete functional impairment Diminished interest = Loss of pleasure in activities previously enjoyed</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following questionnaires with their descriptions:

<p>PHQ-2 = Two-item screening for depression PHQ-9 = Nine-item tool reflecting DSM-5-TR criteria Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale = Screening tool for postnatal women DSM-5-TR = Diagnostic criteria for various mental disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common psychological model often discussed in relation to the causes of major depressive disorder?

<p>Psychodynamic model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anhedonia refers to an increase in interest in previously enjoyed activities.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two symptoms that must be present for a diagnosis of major depressive disorder according to DSM-5.

<p>Depressed mood and difficulty concentrating</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of major depression?

<p>Frequent coughing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Functional impairment is NOT a common consequence of major depression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum duration for symptoms to classify as persistent depressive disorder?

<p>2 years</p> Signup and view all the answers

The intensity of symptoms in moderate depression is between __________ and __________.

<p>mild, severe</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the severity levels of depression with their characteristics:

<p>Mild = Few symptoms and manageable distress Moderate = Symptoms between mild and severe Severe = Substantially more symptoms and unmanageable distress</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is indicative of psychomotor agitation?

<p>Mental restlessness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Recurrent thoughts of death can only occur in severe cases of major depression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name any one symptom of major depression related to sleep.

<p>Insomnia or hypersomnia</p> Signup and view all the answers

Symptoms of major depression must cause __________ impairment.

<p>functional</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is common in individuals with severe depression?

<p>Seriously distressing symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as the failure to respond to at least two different antidepressant drugs of different classes?

<p>Treatment-Resistant Depression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Older age is considered a risk factor for treatment-resistant depression.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are gene-environment interactions in the context of depression?

<p>They refer to the interplay between genetic predispositions and environmental factors that may influence the onset of depression.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The release of _______ is linked to the HPA axis dysregulation in people with depression.

<p>cortisol</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following risk factors with their categories:

<p>Female sex = Biological risk factor Unemployment = Environmental factor Family history of depression = Genetic risk factor Chronic pain syndromes = Physical health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor associated with treatment-resistant depression?

<p>High income (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A single gene has been identified as the major cause of depression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the monoamine-deficiency hypothesis related to?

<p>Deficiency in certain neurotransmitters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physiological system regulates the body's stress response?

<p>HPA axis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Personal and social factors include issues like _______ and social isolation.

<p>relationship problems</p> Signup and view all the answers

Relaxation techniques such as mindfulness can help increase cortisol levels in the body.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about treatment-resistant depression is correct?

<p>It is characterized by a patient's response to multiple antidepressants. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Name one physical symptom of depression that could be explained by low levels of noradrenaline.

<p>Fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

One of the psychosocial factors that can contribute to depression is __________.

<p>trauma</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the psychosocial factors with their descriptions:

<p>Loss or grief = Emotional pain resulting from someone's death Financial difficulty = Challenges related to economic resources Social isolation = Lack of social connections Prejudice/discrimination = Unjust treatment based on personal characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neurotransmitter is NOT mentioned as being related to the monoamine-deficiency hypothesis?

<p>Acetylcholine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Clinicians do not have any tools to aid in the diagnosis of depression.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What biological mechanism may explain the effects of depression aside from neurotransmitter deficiency?

<p>Gut microbiota changes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The __________ can affect how susceptible an individual is to depression.

<p>genetics</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a psychosocial factor listed in the content?

<p>Cognitive ability (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Depressive Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by persistently low mood, anhedonia (loss of interest), and neurovegetative disturbances (physical symptoms like changes in appetite or sleep).

Anhedonia

The absence of pleasure or interest in activities that were once enjoyable.

Neurovegetative Disturbances

Physical symptoms associated with depression, such as changes in appetite, sleep patterns, energy levels, or physical movement.

ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases, 11th Edition)

A standard classification system developed by the World Health Organization used to diagnose and categorize diseases, including mental disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition)

A comprehensive diagnostic manual produced by the American Psychiatric Association to classify mental disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Major Depressive Disorder

A mental health disorder characterized by a persistent low mood, anhedonia, and at least five additional symptoms experienced for at least two weeks.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Depressive Severity Levels

The level of severity of depressive symptoms and their impact on daily functioning, ranging from mild to severe.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Suicidal Thoughts

The experience of thinking about or planning suicide.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Treatment-Resistant Depression

A condition where depression symptoms persist despite trying at least two different types of antidepressants for a minimum of 4 weeks each.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Risk Factors for Treatment-Resistant Depression

Factors increasing the likelihood of developing treatment-resistant depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Gene-Environment Interactions

The study of how genes interact with environmental factors to influence the development of diseases, including depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HPA Axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis)

The body's stress response system, involving the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal glands.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cortisol

A hormone released by the adrenal gland in response to stress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monoamine

A chemical messenger in the brain that plays a role in mood regulation and other functions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Biopsychosocial Model of Depression

The idea that multiple factors contribute to depression, including biological, psychological, and environmental influences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Neurotransmitter Imbalance Theory

The theory that depression can be caused by imbalances in certain neurotransmitters in the brain.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mood Disorders

A group of disorders characterized by disruptions in mood, behavior, and thinking.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)

A mental health condition characterized by persistent low mood, loss of interest, and other symptoms that significantly impair daily life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Feelings of Worthlessness or Guilt

A MDD symptom characterized by a profound sense of worthlessness, guilt, and self-deprecation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Diminished Ability to Think or Concentrate

A symptom of MDD causing significant difficulty in concentrating, focusing, and making decisions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Recurrent Thoughts of Death, Suicidal Ideation

The most serious MDD symptom involving thoughts of death, suicide plans, or attempts.

Signup and view all the flashcards

At Least One Depressed Mood or Anhedonia Symptom

The minimal number of symptoms required for a diagnosis of MDD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

DSM (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders)

A classification system used by mental health professionals to diagnose and categorize mental disorders.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Functional Impairment

The impairment caused by MDD affects social, occupational, and daily functioning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia)

A chronic form of depression lasting at least two years with milder symptoms compared to MDD.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Levels of Severity in MDD (Mild, Moderate, Severe)

A classification of MDD severity based on the number, intensity, and impact of symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the PHQ-2?

A 2-question screening tool for depression, derived from PRIME-MD. It assesses feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and lack of interest. A positive response suggests further evaluation for depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the PHQ-9?

A 9-item questionnaire reflecting DSM-5 criteria for depression. It assesses symptom severity on a scale of 0 (no symptoms) to 3 (daily symptoms). It's used to monitor treatment progress.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale?

A 10-item questionnaire designed for women after childbirth. It helps identify potential postpartum depression by assessing emotional well-being and symptoms. A score of 10 or higher indicates a potential for depression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is DSM-5-TR?

The American Psychiatric Association's diagnostic manual, revised in 2022. It provides a comprehensive list of mental disorder criteria, used by mental health professionals for diagnosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is ICD-11?

A global standard for classifying diseases and health conditions, including mental disorders, developed by the World Health Organization. Its 11th revision was released in 2022.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Homeostasis

A state in which the body's internal environment is maintained within a narrow range, like a thermostat.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

A hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates the release of cortisol.

Signup and view all the flashcards

CRH (Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone)

A hormone produced in the hypothalamus that regulates the release of ACTH.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monoamine Deficiency Hypothesis

A proposed explanation for depression suggesting a deficiency in monoamine neurotransmitters like serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences)

Stressful or traumatic experiences that occur during childhood.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Isolation

A term describing the tendency to avoid social contact or withdraw from social situations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosocial Factors

A set of factors that influence mental health outside of biology, including social, cultural, and environmental factors.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Clinical Diagnosis

A clinical diagnosis made by healthcare professionals based on symptoms and evaluation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Screening Tools

Tools used to screen for disorders like depression, but not definitive tests.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Intended Learning Outcomes

  • Students will learn the clinical features of depressive disorders, including diagnostic criteria.
  • Students will learn about the causes and risks of major depressive disorder, focusing on both physiological and psychological factors.

Introduction

  • Several types of depressive disorders exist, typically characterized by low mood, loss of interest, and physical symptoms.
  • This study focuses on major depressive disorder.

Diagnostic Criteria

  • Two main systems exist for diagnosis: ICD-11 (International Classification of Diseases) and DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders).
  • ICD-11 and DSM-5 criteria are largely similar in their diagnostic outcomes, despite some differences.

ICD-11 Criteria for Depressive Disorder

  • Symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest, changes in sleep, psychomotor changes, reduced energy, feelings of worthlessness, hopelessness, difficulty concentrating, and recurrent thoughts of death.
  • Mild depression involves symptoms without intense degrees, causing some functional impairment.
  • Moderate depression includes several symptoms to a marked degree, leading to considerable, but not complete, functional impairment.
  • Severe depression presents many or most characteristic symptoms intensely, leading to complete or near-complete functional impairment.

DSM-5 Criteria for Major Depressive Disorder

  • Five or more symptoms must be present for a two-week period, representing a change from previous functioning.
  • Symptoms include depressed mood, diminished interest, significant changes in appetite/sleep, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness/guilt, difficulty concentrating, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide.
  • Mild depression: symptoms present to a lesser degree causing minor impairment.
  • Moderate depression: number and intensity of symptoms between mild and severe, causing significant functional disruption.
  • Severe depression: number and intensity of symptoms significantly exceed criteria, noticeably interfering with daily life.

Treatment-Resistant Depression

  • Treatment-resistant depression involves failure to respond to at least two different antidepressant medications appropriately dosed for at least four weeks
  • Various risk factors potentially contribute to depression

Risk Factors

  • Age, sex, past history of depression, personal/social/environmental factors, family history, specific medical conditions, and other chronic conditions.

Biological Factors

  • Dysregulation of the HPA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal) axis could be related to depression.
  • Cortisol levels are often elevated in depressed individuals.
  • Monoamine deficiency hypothesis proposes neurotransmitter deficiencies might contribute to depression symptoms.

Psychological Factors

  • Stress/Grief, trauma, financial difficulties, and social isolation can all contribute to depression.

Tools for Diagnosis

  • PHQ-2 (Patient Health Questionnaire-2): a short screening tool identifying possible depression.
  • PHQ-9 (Patient Health Questionnaire-9): a more extensive questionnaire reflecting DSM-5-TR criteria for depression, measuring symptom severity.
  • Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale: a specific scale used to assess depression during and after childbirth.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

A Quick Introduction to Depression PDF

Description

This quiz explores the clinical features and diagnostic criteria of major depressive disorder. Students will understand both the physiological and psychological factors contributing to depressive disorders. The focus will be on ICD-11 and DSM-5 guidelines for diagnosis.

More Like This

Major Depressive Disorder Quiz
41 questions

Major Depressive Disorder Quiz

VersatileDravite avatar
VersatileDravite
Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Conditions
0 questions

Major Depressive Disorder and Comorbid Conditions

EminentJasper2009 avatar
EminentJasper2009
Depressive Disorder, Ch 16
99 questions

Depressive Disorder, Ch 16

QualifiedMint avatar
QualifiedMint
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser