Questions and Answers
Which part of the brain stem is responsible for autonomic (involuntary) functions?
Medulla oblongata
What forms the central core of the brainstem?
Reticular formation
Which part of the brainstem contains lower motor neurons for muscles of the head?
Medulla oblongata
What part of the brainstem has conduit, cranial nerve, and integrative functions?
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Where does the spinal cord continue rostrally into in the brainstem?
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Which part of the brainstem is responsible for modulating transmission of information in pain pathways?
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Which part of the brainstem participates in the control of movement through connections with the spinal cord and cerebellum?
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Where is the set of interconnected nuclei located throughout the brainstem found?
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Where is the medulla oblongata located?
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Which structure forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?
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What is the function of the olives in the brainstem?
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Which cranial nerves originate from the pons?
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Where is the substantia nigra located?
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What is the function of the Red Nucleus in the brainstem?
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Which part of the brainstem is characterized by a horseshoe shape?
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What is the landmark defined by the angle between the lower border of the pons and the upper border of the medulla oblongata called?
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Which part of the brainstem is divided into Crus cerebri, Tegmentum, and Tectum?
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What does the Posterior Commissure contain?
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Where are cranial nerves CN III and CN IV located?
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What is characteristic of olives in terms of their color?
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What structure is located between the crus cerebri and tegmentum in the midbrain?
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Which part of the brainstem forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?
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What landmark is defined by the angle between the lower border of the pons and the upper border of the medulla oblongata called?
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Where does the spinal cord continue rostrally into in the brainstem?
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Where are cranial nerves CN IX, X, and XI located with respect to the olives?
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What is part of the reticular formation, located dorsomedially to the substantia nigra?
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Where is the substantia nigra located?
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What structure forms the floor of the 4th ventricle?
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What does the Posterior Commissure contain?
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Where does the spinal cord continue rostrally into in the brainstem?
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Which part of the brainstem contains lower motor neurons for muscles of the head?
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Study Notes
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Medulla Oblongata: Part of the brainstem located below the midbrain and above the spinal cord
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External Features of Anterior Surface: Anterolateral Sulcus, Pyramidal decussation, Median Fissure, Olives, and various cranial nerve exits
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Olives: Contain the origin of various cranial nerves (CN IX, X, and XI) and connect to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
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External Features of Posterior Surface: Glossopharyngeal N. (CN IX), Vagus N. (CN X), Accessory N. (CN XI), Inf. cerebellar peduncle, and the lower triangle of rhomboid fossa
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Rhomboid Fossa: A quadrangular space that forms the floor of the 4th ventricle, with the lower triangle related to the medulla oblongata
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Pons: A bridge-like structure located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain, characterized by a horseshoe shape and a large ventral enlargement of transverse pontocerebellar fibers
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Pons-Medulla Junction: A landmark defined by the angle between the lower border of the pons and the upper border of the medulla oblongata
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Cranial Nerves: Several nerves originate from the pons, including CN V (trigeminal), CN VI (abducens), CN VII (facial), and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
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Midbrain (Mesencephalon): The shortest part of the brainstem, located above the pons and below the diencephalon, with various external features including the cerebral crus (cerebral peduncles), interpeduncular fossa, and various cranial nerve exits
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Cranial Nerves Which Leave Brainstem at Mesencephalon Level: Oculomotor N. (CN III), Trochlear N. (CN IV), and various other cranial nerves
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Internal Structure of Midbrain: Divided into three parts - Crus cerebri, Tegmentum, and Tectum (lamina tecti) - With the substantia nigra separating the crus cerebri and tegmentum
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Substantia Nigra: A neuron group related to the basal ganglia, located between the crus cerebri and tegmentum, and characterized by its dark color due to melanin content and its involvement in the dopaminergic system
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Red Nucleus (nucleus ruber): Part of the reticular formation, located dorsomedially to the substantia nigra, and observed from caudal levels of the superior colliculus to caudal levels of the diencephalon
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Posterior Commissure: Contains fibers that cross and course to the other cerebral hemisphere (one of the commissural pathways)
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Medulla Oblongata: Part of the brainstem located below the midbrain and above the spinal cord
-
External Features of Anterior Surface: Anterolateral Sulcus, Pyramidal decussation, Median Fissure, Olives, and various cranial nerve exits
-
Olives: Contain the origin of various cranial nerves (CN IX, X, and XI) and connect to the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle
-
External Features of Posterior Surface: Glossopharyngeal N. (CN IX), Vagus N. (CN X), Accessory N. (CN XI), Inf. cerebellar peduncle, and the lower triangle of rhomboid fossa
-
Rhomboid Fossa: A quadrangular space that forms the floor of the 4th ventricle, with the lower triangle related to the medulla oblongata
-
Pons: A bridge-like structure located above the medulla oblongata and below the midbrain, characterized by a horseshoe shape and a large ventral enlargement of transverse pontocerebellar fibers
-
Pons-Medulla Junction: A landmark defined by the angle between the lower border of the pons and the upper border of the medulla oblongata
-
Cranial Nerves: Several nerves originate from the pons, including CN V (trigeminal), CN VI (abducens), CN VII (facial), and CN VIII (vestibulocochlear)
-
Midbrain (Mesencephalon): The shortest part of the brainstem, located above the pons and below the diencephalon, with various external features including the cerebral crus (cerebral peduncles), interpeduncular fossa, and various cranial nerve exits
-
Cranial Nerves Which Leave Brainstem at Mesencephalon Level: Oculomotor N. (CN III), Trochlear N. (CN IV), and various other cranial nerves
-
Internal Structure of Midbrain: Divided into three parts - Crus cerebri, Tegmentum, and Tectum (lamina tecti) - With the substantia nigra separating the crus cerebri and tegmentum
-
Substantia Nigra: A neuron group related to the basal ganglia, located between the crus cerebri and tegmentum, and characterized by its dark color due to melanin content and its involvement in the dopaminergic system
-
Red Nucleus (nucleus ruber): Part of the reticular formation, located dorsomedially to the substantia nigra, and observed from caudal levels of the superior colliculus to caudal levels of the diencephalon
-
Posterior Commissure: Contains fibers that cross and course to the other cerebral hemisphere (one of the commissural pathways)
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