Main Group Chemistry (CHM303) Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What occurs when Al(III) halides react with Al at 1270 K?

  • Release of halogen gases
  • Formation of Aluminum(I) halides (correct)
  • Dissociation to monomeric MX3
  • Formation of stable Al(III) halides

Which metal halide is characterized by instability with respect to conversion to its lower oxidation state?

  • TlCl3 (correct)
  • GaBr3
  • AlCl3
  • InCl3

At what temperature is GaCl3 heated to form Gallium(I) chloride?

  • 1370 K (correct)
  • 1270 K
  • 1170 K
  • 1000 K

What can influence the geometry of coordination numbers in Gallium and Indium halides?

<p>Crystal packing forces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What change occurs in the structure of AlCl3 when it is in the solid state?

<p>Weak van der Waals forces between layers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of interaction occurs between NH3 and AlX3 in the solid state?

<p>Intermolecular hydrogen bonding (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the coordination number observed in adducts formed with AlCl3 in coordinating solvents?

<p>4 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the structure of AlCl3 in the monomer state differ from the dimer state?

<p>AlCl3 in the monomer state has a trigonal planar arrangement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound has the highest thermal stability based on the given sequence?

<p>B2(NMe2)4 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of structure does B4Cl4 possess?

<p>Tetrahedral core (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which halogen is not part of the compound BnXn when n = 4?

<p>F (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common structural characteristic of solid trihalides of heavier Group 13 elements?

<p>Layer structures or structures containing dimers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the preparation method for AlF3 mentioned in the content?

<p>Fluorination of the metal or its simple compounds with F2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonding is primarily responsible for the thermal stability sequence of B2X4 compounds?

<p>pπ-pπ bonding (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the expected state of B2Br4 at room temperature?

<p>Liquid (unstable) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which molecule possesses a dodecahedral cluster core?

<p>B8Cl8 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contributes to the relatively slow thermal conversion of Dewar benzene to benzene?

<p>Symmetry forbidden nature of the reaction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the thermal stability of the hexamethyl derivative B3N3Me6?

<p>It can withstand heating up to 460 °C without significant decomposition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of conformation do the products of reactions involving coordinated B and N centers possess?

<p>Chair conformation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significant electronic difference between the bonding of Cr(CO)3 with benzene and borazine?

<p>Benzene has a stronger ring dissociation energy compared to borazine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential precursor to boron nitride ceramics?

<p>Polyborazylene (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the puckered structure in borazine complexes?

<p>The presence of coordinated chromium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why does borazine expel hydrogen when heated to 70 °C?

<p>To create a thermodynamically stable polymer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula of Dewar benzene?

<p>C6H6 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Al2Cl6 Structure

In the vapor phase, Al2Cl6 exists as a dimer with a tetrahedral structure arising from a halogen lone pair donation to aluminum.

Aluminum trihalide monomer structure

In the monomeric form, aluminum trihalide (e.g., AlCl3) exhibits a trigonal planar geometry around aluminum.

Aluminum trihalide layers

Solid AlCl3 forms a layered structure held together by weak van der Waals forces.

AlCl3 hydrolysis

Solid AlCl3 reacts vigorously with water, undergoing hydrolysis to form [Al(OH2)6]3+ ions and chloride ions.

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Group 13 trihalide adducts

Gallium and indium trihalides form adducts with neutral Lewis bases, showing coordination numbers of 4, 5, or 6.

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InCl5 structure

The [Et4N]+[InCl5]2- complex has a square-based pyramidal structure, unexpected by VSEPR theory, possibly due to crystal packing forces.

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Tl(III) halide stability

Thallium(III) halides are less stable than those of the earlier group 13 elements and readily convert to Tl(I) halides.

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Lower oxidation state group 13 halides

Lower oxidation state group 13 halides (e.g., Al(I)) are formed in high-temperature reactions of corresponding trihalides with the metal.

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Lower halides of boron

Compounds of boron (B) with halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) in a lower oxidation state than a trihalide.

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B2X4 structure

Planar (D2h) for fluorides and solid chlorides, but staggered (D2d) for gaseous chlorides and bromides.

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Thermal stability of B2X4

Decreases as you move from the smallest to largest halogen (F to I, or Fluoride to Iodide).

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Thermolysis of B2Cl4/B2Br4

Heating them results in closo-halogenoboranes (BnXn).

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Closo-halogenoboranes

Cluster compounds of boron and halogens with specific structures (ex: B4Cl4).

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Trihalides of heavier group 13 elements

Compounds formed by heavier group 13 elements (Al, Ga, In, Tl) and halogens (F, Cl, Br, I) in a 1:3 ratio.

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Cryolite

Na3[AlF6], a naturally-occurring or commercially-synthesized compound with a perovskite-type structure.

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AlF3 structure

Infinite structure, each Al center is octahedral, surrounded by six F atoms. Each F atom links two Al atoms.

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Borazine reactivity

Borazine's reactivity differs from benzene's. Borazine is more reactive to nucleophiles than benzene which is inert to several kinds of additions.

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Benzene vs. Borazine

Benzene & borazine, both having 6 atoms and a planar structure, have different bonding and reactivity.

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Borazine complex

Borazine forms complexes with metals, like the [Cr(η6-B3N3Me6)(CO)3] complex.

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Borazine vs. benzene complex bonding

The Cr(CO)3 bonding to benzene is stronger than to borazine, measured by dissociation energy.

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Dewar Benzene

A non-planar isomer of benzene, with considerable strain energy.

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Benzene stability

Benzene is kinetically inert to addition reactions; it resists reaction with compounds like HCl and H2O.

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Borazine structure

Borazine has a layered puckered structure in some complexes, in contrast to the planar structure of benzene.

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Borazine to Boron Nitride

Heating polyborazylene converts it to boron nitride ceramic.

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Study Notes

Main Group Chemistry (CHM303)

Lower Halides of Boron (B₂X₄)

  • Boron dihalides (B₂X₄) exist in various forms (solid, liquid, gas)
  • Melting and boiling points vary depending on the halide (X)
  • Thermal stability follows a predictable pattern related to π-bonding between X and B.
  • Structures and bonding are described in terms of planar (D2h) and staggered (D2d) geometries.
  • Isoelectronic with C₂O₄²⁻ and N₂O₄.

Simple Trihalides of Heavier Group 13 Elements

  • Trifluorides of Al, Ga, In, and Tl are non-volatile solids.
  • Preparation often involves fluorination of the metal or its compounds with F₂.
  • Aluminum trifluoride (AlF₃) can also be prepared by reacting aluminum oxide with hydrogen fluoride.
  • Each trifluoride has a high melting point and an infinite structure.
  • AlF₃ has octahedral Al centers surrounded by 6 F atoms.

Reactivity

  • Water vigorously reacts with solid aluminum chloride, leading to hydrolysis.
  • In coordinating solvents (like diethyl ether), aluminum chloride forms adducts.
  • Interactions like hydrogen bonding are observed in the solid state of aluminum halides.
  • The Tl(III) halides are less stable than those of earlier group 13 elements.

Lower Oxidation State Al, Ga, In, and Tl Halides

  • Aluminum (I) halides are formed through reactions involving Al(III) halides and Al metal at high temperatures (1270 K).
  • Other techniques include reacting the metal with HCl at high temperatures.
  • Gallium(I) chloride and bromide are formed at elevated temperatures in specific conditions.
  • Tl(I) halides are more stable than Tl(III) halides.

Molecular Species Containing B-N or B-P Bonds

  • Formation of B-N single bonds in adducts, involves symmetric cleavage of B₂H₆.
  • Molecular compounds with boron-nitrogen multiple bonds exist.
  • Boron nitride (BN) has a layered structure similar to graphite.
  • Borazine (B3N3H6) is isoelectronic and isostructural with benzene.

Molecular Species Containing B-N or B-P Bonds. Preparation

  • Borazine is prepared through specific reactions, typically B2H6 with ammonia.
  • Borazine's reactivity contrasts sharply with that of benzene.

Molecular Species Containing B-N or B-P Bonds. Properties

  • Borazine is a colorless liquid with aromatic odor and properties resembling benzene.
  • Borazine's BN distances and charge distribution are similar to benzene, but with variations affecting nucleophilic and electrophilic attack.

Nomenclature

  • Boranes are named based on the number of boron and hydrogen atoms, and if an anion.

  • Further descriptors (e.g., closo-, nido-, arachno-) are often used.

  • Polyhedral skeletal electron pair theory (adopted rules) are used.

  • Wade's rules are used for categorizing and predicting the structures of boranes and carboranes.

Polyhedral Borane Cluster Compounds

  • Different types of bonds are found depending on the compound and their configurations (examples shown)
  • Specific naming and numbering systems for boranes are used (styx).

Borazine, H3B3O3

  • Boroxine is isoelectronic with benzene.
  • It can be produced by oxidizing B₂H₆ or related compounds.
  • It's less stable than substituted boroxines, which are solid at room temperature.
  • Boroxine is planar but has less π-electron delocalization compared to borazine.
  • Trimethylboroxine and triphenylboroxine exist in equilibrium with their respective boronic acids.

Phosphorus Analogue of Borazine

  • The phosphorus analogue of borazine, B3P3H6, deviates slightly from planarity.
  • The B3P3R6 rings can form π-complexes with transition metal carbonyl fragments.
  • The structure of B₃P₃ is planar with equal B-P bond lengths.

Dewar Benzene

  • A bicyclic isomer of benzene with considerable strain energy.
  • The carbons where the rings join are bonded to four atoms, leading to a non-planar structure, differing from the typical structure of benzene.

Hetero-boranes

  • Many derivatives of boranes containing other main group atoms are also known.
  • These heteroboranes can be classified using the same principles as for typical boron hydrides, adjusting for the valence electrons of the heteroatom.

Nomenclature of Other atoms

  • When classifying other atoms, they are substituted as BH₁, BH₂, or BH₃ to classify more properly.

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Test your knowledge on the properties and structures of boron halides and heavier group 13 trihalides with this quiz. Covering topics from geometries to reactivity, this quiz is ideal for students of Dr. Vignesh's chemistry course. Challenge yourself to recall essential concepts and their chemical implications.

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