Mailed Questionnaire Method Overview
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Questions and Answers

What does a component (sub-divided) bar chart represent?

  • Only the total values without sub-division
  • A single categorical variable across different categories
  • Two categorical variables at once (correct)
  • Multiple numerical variables over time

    • How is a histogram constructed?

  • Connecting points on a scatter plot
  • Using non-overlapping intervals covering all data values (correct)
  • Using varying bar widths for different frequencies
  • Drawing overlapping bars for better visualization

    • Which method is NOT included in graphical data presentation techniques?

  • Pie chart (correct)
  • Histogram
  • Line graph
  • Box plot

    • What does the length of the bar in a histogram represent?

    <p>Frequencies of the corresponding classes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is characteristic of multiple bar charts?

    <p>They allow comparison between different parts drawn side by side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a box plot primarily used for?

    <p>Visualizing the distribution of continuous data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the appropriate use of a scatter plot?

    <p>To illustrate relationships between two continuous variables</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In component bar charts, what does the total value represent?

    <p>The sum of all categories represented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an open class interval?

    <p>A class interval with no upper class limit</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is the class mark (C.M.) calculated?

    <p>By averaging the upper and lower limits of a class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does relative frequency distribution (R.F.) represent?

    <p>The proportion of cases in a specific group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cumulative frequency distributions?

    <p>To identify how often values fall within specific limits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which step involves calculating the range for grouped frequency distribution?

    <p>Step 2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which step do you find the class width for grouped frequency distribution?

    <p>Step 4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula for calculating cumulative frequency in the 'less than' distribution?

    <p>Sum of frequencies of all preceding classes plus the class itself</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the next step after finding the upper limit of the first class?

    <p>Identify the lower limit of the next class</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary benefit of mailed questionnaires?

    <p>They can cover wider geographical areas at a lower cost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a drawback of using mailed questionnaires?

    <p>They can result in low response rates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Closed-ended questions are most effective for which type of survey?

    <p>Surveys where standardized responses are needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle is essential in questionnaire design?

    <p>Ensuring responses are mutually exclusive when needed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When collecting secondary data, which factor should NOT be considered?

    <p>The opinion of the data collectors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ethical consideration is crucial when conducting research involving children?

    <p>Parents' or guardians' permission must be sought.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of questions can open-ended questions provide?

    <p>Rich, qualitative insights into respondents' views.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a guideline to avoid leading questions in a questionnaire?

    <p>Present questions in a neutral manner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the combined mean for a class with 30 females averaging 60 marks and 70 males averaging 72 marks?

    <p>68.4</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents the correct way to adjust the mean if one incorrect observation is identified?

    <p>Add the difference to the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of calculating class marks in a grouped frequency distribution?

    <p>To facilitate calculation of the mean</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If a constant is added to every observation, how is the mean affected?

    <p>The mean increases by the constant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From the given frequency distribution, what is the total frequency count?

    <p>100</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mean for the provided frequency distribution with a total of 100 observations and a sum of the products of frequency and class marks equal to 1575?

    <p>$15.75$</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If every observation in a dataset is multiplied by 3, how does this affect the mean?

    <p>It is multiplied by 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about the mean is not true?

    <p>It cannot be calculated for grouped data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a leptokurtic distribution indicate about its peakedness compared to a normal curve?

    <p>It is more peaked than a normal curve.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the coefficient of kurtosis is equal to 3, which type of distribution is represented?

    <p>Mesokurtic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In probability theory, which term describes an event that cannot happen at the same time as another event?

    <p>Mutually Exclusive Events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the sample space in probability theory?

    <p>The set of all outcomes in a probability experiment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes independent events in probability?

    <p>The occurrence of one event does not affect the occurrence of the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a platykurtic distribution relative to a normal curve?

    <p>It has a flat-topped appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a certain event in probability?

    <p>An event that is guaranteed to occur.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of calculating the number of elements in an event and in the sample space?

    <p>To establish probabilities accurately.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Mailed Questionnaire

    • Data collection method using self-reported information from research participants.
    • Gathers information about thoughts, feelings, attitudes, beliefs, values, perceptions, personality, behavioral intentions, and other characteristics.
    • Offers wider geographic reach compared to telephone surveys or personal interviews due to lower costs.
    • Drawbacks include low response rates, inappropriate answers, and potential difficulties in understanding questions.
    • Clear and unambiguous design principles:
      • Questions should be easy to understand and answer.
      • Response options should be mutually exclusive if only one choice is allowed.
      • Avoid leading questions that influence responses.
      • Avoid biased scaling that favors specific choices.
      • Avoid overly complicated or similar questions.

    Question Types

    • Open-ended questions: Allow free-ranging responses, providing deeper insights into respondents' views and behavior. Suitable for qualitative and small quantitative surveys.
    • Closed-ended questions: Limit responses to predefined options.

    Ethical Considerations

    • Informed consent should be obtained from all participants.
    • Participants must be informed about how the information will be used, the reason for data collection, and the collector's identity.
    • Participation should not affect participants' safety or security.
    • Parental permission is required when interviewing children.

    Secondary Data Sources

    • When using secondary data, consider the following:

      • Relevant geographical location
      • Data currency (not outdated)
      • Compatibility with other data (units, time, etc.)
      • Comparability with other data (like for like).

    • Considerations for secondary data sources:

      • Purpose of data collection should align with the current research problem.
      • Data nature and classification should be appropriate for the problem.
      • Absence of biases and misreporting in the published data.

    Open Class Interval

    • A class interval with either no upper class limit or no lower class limit.

    Class Mark (C.M.)

    • The midpoint of a class interval.
    • Calculated as: C.M. = (Lower class limit + Upper class limit) / 2

    Relative Frequency Distribution (R.F.)

    • Shows the relative concentration of items within a class in relation to the total frequency.
    • Represents the proportion or percentage of cases in each group.
    • Calculated as: R.F. = (Frequency of class) / (Total frequency).

    Cumulative Frequency Distributions

    • Explains how often values fall below or above a specific class.
    • Two types:
      • "Less than" cumulative frequency distribution: Sum of frequencies of all preceding classes, including the current class.
      • "More than" cumulative frequency distribution: Sum of frequencies of all succeeding classes, including the current class.

    Steps for Constructing a Grouped Frequency Distribution

    1. Identify the smallest and largest values.
    2. Calculate the range: Range = Maximum - Minimum.
    3. Determine the number of classes: k = 1 + 3.32 * log(n) (where n is the number of observations).
    4. Calculate the class width: Class width = Range / Number of classes (round up).
    5. Choose a starting point: Lower class limit of the first class (less than or equal to the minimum value).
    6. Find the upper limit of the first class: Subtract the class width from the lower limit of the second class. Continue adding the class width to find subsequent upper limits.
    7. Calculate class boundaries: Subtract U/2 from the lower limits and add U/2 to the upper limits.
    8. Tally the data.
    9. Determine the frequencies.
    10. Calculate cumulative frequencies.
    11. Calculate relative frequencies and relative cumulative frequencies (if required).

    Component (Sub-divided) Bar Chart

    • Used to represent two categorical variables simultaneously.
    • Total is sub-divided into components according to their size.
    • Example: Education level and expenditure on healthcare.

    Multiple Bar Charts

    • Allows comparison between different parts of the data.
    • Each part is drawn side by side.
    • Example: Comparing expenditure across different educational levels over time.

    Graphical Data Presentation

    • Used for presenting quantitative/continuous type variables.
    • Examples:
      • Histogram
      • Frequency polygon
      • Line graph
      • Scatter plot
      • Box plot
      • Cumulative frequency curve (O-give)

    Histogram

    • Graphical representation of the frequency distribution of continuous measurement variables.
    • Class boundaries are plotted on the horizontal axis, and frequencies on the vertical axis.
    • Each bar represents a class interval.
      • Bar width represents the class width.
      • Bar height is proportional to the corresponding frequency.
    • Bars are adjacent to each other.

    Combined Mean

    • Used to find the mean of all observations in multiple groups.
    • Formula: Combined Mean = (n1 * x1 + n2 * x2) / (n1 + n2)
      • n1 and n2 are the number of observations in each group.
      • x1 and x2 are the means of each group.

    Correct Mean

    • Used to calculate the correct mean when a wrong figure has been used in the original calculation.
    • Formula: Correct Mean = (Old mean * n - Wrong Value + Correct Value) / n
      • n is the total number of observations.

    Properties of the Mean

    • Easy to calculate and understand.
    • Unique for a set of data.

    Kurtosis

    • Measures the degree of flatness or peakedness of a distribution relative to a normal curve.

    • Leptokurtic: More peaked than a normal curve.

    • Platykurtic: More flat-topped than a normal curve.

    • Mesokurtic: Normal curve.

      • Coefficient of kurtosis:
        = [(∑(xi - x̄)⁴ / n) / (s²)²] - 3

      • 3: Leptokurtic (more peaked)

      • < 3: Platykurtic (flat topped)

      • = 3: Mesokurtic (normal)

    Probability & Probability Distributions

    • Probability measures the chance of an event occurring.
    • Quantitative measure of uncertainty.
    • Provides the foundation for statistical inference.

    Probability Terms

    • Experiment: A process of observation or measurement that generates well-defined outcomes.
    • Outcome: The result of a single trial of an experiment.
    • Sample Space: The set of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
    • Event: A subset of the sample space.
    • Certain Event: An event that is guaranteed to occur.
    • Impossible Event: An event that cannot occur.
    • Compound Event: An event consisting of more than one sample point.
    • Equally Likely Events: Events with an equal chance of occurrence.
    • Mutually Exclusive Events: Events that cannot happen at the same time.
    • Independent Events: Events where the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of the other occurring.
    • Dependent Events: Events where the occurrence of one affects the probability of the other occurring.

    Counting Rules

    • Used to determine the number of elements in an event and the sample space for calculating probabilities.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the mailed questionnaire method of data collection, focusing on its advantages, drawbacks, and design principles. Participants will learn about the effectiveness of this method in gathering self-reported information on various psychological characteristics. Additionally, insights into question types, particularly open-ended questions, are discussed.

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