nutrition 1

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What is the primary function of macronutrients in the human body?

To maintain bone density

To synthesize hormones and enzymes

To provide energy for metabolic processes (correct)

To regulate body temperature

What is the approximate calorie content of fat per gram?

16.7 kJ/g

4 calories/g

37.7 kJ/g

9 calories/g (correct)

What is the main source of energy released in the body?

Alcohol

Proteins

Carbohydrates (correct)

Fats

What is the term used to describe nutrients required in relatively small amounts?

Micronutrients Signup and view all the answers

Why do energy requirements vary based on personal circumstances?

Because of different lifestyles and activities Signup and view all the answers

What is the approximate energy released from carbohydrates per gram?

16.7 kJ/g Signup and view all the answers

What is the assumption about the distribution of individual energy requirements in a population group?

Gaussian distribution Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of setting energy intake recommendations to cover the needs of most members of a population group?

Overweight or obesity in most people Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between actual energy requirements and desirable energy requirements?

Desirable energy requirements are for maintaining ideal body weight and level of physical activity Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of estimating energy expenditure in individuals?

To apply energy intake recommendations cautiously to individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between the probability of dietary energy deficiency and the probability of obesity due to dietary energy excess?

The two probability curves overlap Signup and view all the answers

What is the source of the information about estimating energy requirements and the distribution of energy requirements in a population group?

WHO, 1985 Signup and view all the answers

Why are predictive estimates less accurate for individuals than for groups?

Due to wide inter-individual variation in energy expenditure components Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between EERM and DEER?

EERM is for actual energy requirement and DEER is for energy reference value Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor that affects the accuracy of energy intake recommendations for individuals?

Inter-individual variation in energy expenditure components Signup and view all the answers

Why can't the average energy intake recommended for a defined group be applied to other groups or individuals?

Because of differences in gender, age, body size, activity level, and other factors Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of EER in determining energy requirements?

To predict the energy balance in healthy individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the dietary energy intake that is predicted to maintain energy balance in healthy individuals or groups?

EERM Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of glucose in the body?

Principal fuel used by the brain and nervous system Signup and view all the answers

What is the molecular formula of glucose?

C₆H₁₂O₆ Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between simple and complex carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates are easily digested, while complex carbohydrates take time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why fructose does not stimulate insulin release?

Because it is a poor substrate for the hepatic hexokinase glucokinase Signup and view all the answers

How is fructose absorbed from the intestinal lumen?

Passively through the hexose transporter SLC2A5 Signup and view all the answers

What is the total daily energy requirement for a 60 kg person who exercises for 2 hours every day?

2892 calories Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary enzyme responsible for phosphorylating fructose in the liver?

Ketohexokinase (KHK) Signup and view all the answers

What is the resulting product of ketohexokinase's phosphorylation of fructose?

Fructose-1-phosphate (F1P) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following metabolic pathways is NOT directly affected by the rapid phosphorylation of fructose by ketohexokinase?

Protein synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Why is the liver able to efficiently extract fructose from the bloodstream?

KHK is highly active and insensitive to cellular energy status Signup and view all the answers

What is the downstream metabolite of fructose-1-phosphate (F1P) that enters the glycolytic/gluconeogenic metabolite pools?

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) Signup and view all the answers

Why do fructose-derived metabolites bypass the phosphofructokinase (PFK) step in glycolysis?

Fructose-derived metabolites enter the triose-phosphate pool distal to PFK Signup and view all the answers