Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which characteristic is common to proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?
Which characteristic is common to proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids?
- They all are macromolecules essential to living organisms. (correct)
- They all contain nitrogen in their molecular structure.
- They are all polymers formed through covalent bonding.
- They are all constructed from amino acid monomers.
What determines the specific chemical properties that a functional group confers to a molecule?
What determines the specific chemical properties that a functional group confers to a molecule?
- The size of the molecule to which it is attached.
- The presence of water molecules surrounding the molecule.
- The specific arrangement and types of atoms in the functional group. (correct)
- The number of carbon atoms in the molecule.
Which of the following is an example of a reaction that builds polymers from monomers?
Which of the following is an example of a reaction that builds polymers from monomers?
- Hydrolysis
- Condensation (correct)
- Oxidation
- Reduction
What is the primary structural difference between a protein consisting of one polypeptide chain versus one with multiple polypeptide chains?
What is the primary structural difference between a protein consisting of one polypeptide chain versus one with multiple polypeptide chains?
Which type of bond is directly involved in the primary structure of a protein?
Which type of bond is directly involved in the primary structure of a protein?
How do amino acid side chains (R groups) contribute to the overall structure and function of a protein?
How do amino acid side chains (R groups) contribute to the overall structure and function of a protein?
Which of the following best describes the properties of amino acids at the pH levels typically found in cells?
Which of the following best describes the properties of amino acids at the pH levels typically found in cells?
Which statement correctly describes how a protein achieves its functional shape?
Which statement correctly describes how a protein achieves its functional shape?
Why is the sequence of amino acids critical to protein function?
Why is the sequence of amino acids critical to protein function?
Which of the following is most likely to cause a protein to denature?
Which of the following is most likely to cause a protein to denature?
What biological process involves breaking down polymers into monomers?
What biological process involves breaking down polymers into monomers?
What property characterizes lipids, distinguishing them from proteins and carbohydrates?
What property characterizes lipids, distinguishing them from proteins and carbohydrates?
Which functional group is commonly found in alcohols and enables them to form hydrogen bonds with water?
Which functional group is commonly found in alcohols and enables them to form hydrogen bonds with water?
In what way do amino acids show both acidic and basic properties?
In what way do amino acids show both acidic and basic properties?
Which of the following is the most inclusive level of protein structure?
Which of the following is the most inclusive level of protein structure?
How does the shape of a protein relate to it's function?
How does the shape of a protein relate to it's function?
What class of compounds has the general formula $C_n(H_2O)_m$?
What class of compounds has the general formula $C_n(H_2O)_m$?
What type of bond is formed when monosaccharides are linked together to form disaccharides?
What type of bond is formed when monosaccharides are linked together to form disaccharides?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
What is the primary function of carbohydrates in biological systems?
Which property distinguishes lipids from other macromolecules?
Which property distinguishes lipids from other macromolecules?
What role do phospholipids play in living organisms?
What role do phospholipids play in living organisms?
Which of the following is a function of steroids?
Which of the following is a function of steroids?
What type of bond is formed when a hydroxyl group of glycerol reacts with the carboxyl group of fatty acid?
What type of bond is formed when a hydroxyl group of glycerol reacts with the carboxyl group of fatty acid?
What is the key structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the key structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
What property of phospholipids allows them to form bilayers in aqueous environments?
What property of phospholipids allows them to form bilayers in aqueous environments?
Which of the following is a function of motor proteins?
Which of the following is a function of motor proteins?
Which of the following is a storage protein?
Which of the following is a storage protein?
What is an oligopeptide?
What is an oligopeptide?
Which of the following is an example of a denatured protein?
Which of the following is an example of a denatured protein?
What is the purpose of defensive proteins?
What is the purpose of defensive proteins?
Which of these is part of the role of transport proteins?
Which of these is part of the role of transport proteins?
What causes the formation of a disulfide bridge?
What causes the formation of a disulfide bridge?
What aspect of protein structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds?
What aspect of protein structure is stabilized by hydrogen bonds?
Which of the following are components of lipids?
Which of the following are components of lipids?
What roles do carotenoids and chlorophylls play in a plant?
What roles do carotenoids and chlorophylls play in a plant?
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
What is the main component of plant cell walls?
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
Why are lipids hydrophobic?
What is the effect of high temperature on the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions of a protein?
What is the effect of high temperature on the hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions of a protein?
Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are called what?
Two molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are called what?
Which chemical group is very reactive and important in energy-releasing reactions?
Which chemical group is very reactive and important in energy-releasing reactions?
Which of the following is a polar group that is important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions?
Which of the following is a polar group that is important in carbohydrates and in energy reactions?
Which functional group is charged, acidic, and enters into condensation reactions by giving up -OH.
Which functional group is charged, acidic, and enters into condensation reactions by giving up -OH.
If a protein's native conformation is disrupted due to environmental changes, which level of protein structure is the least likely to be affected?
If a protein's native conformation is disrupted due to environmental changes, which level of protein structure is the least likely to be affected?
How does the formation of a disulfide bridge contribute to the stabilization of a protein's structure?
How does the formation of a disulfide bridge contribute to the stabilization of a protein's structure?
Which of the following explains why lipids are not considered polymers in the same way as proteins and carbohydrates?
Which of the following explains why lipids are not considered polymers in the same way as proteins and carbohydrates?
If a researcher discovers a new type of linkage between monosaccharides in a polysaccharide, what kind of reaction is most likely involved in forming this linkage?
If a researcher discovers a new type of linkage between monosaccharides in a polysaccharide, what kind of reaction is most likely involved in forming this linkage?
How would a significant increase in temperature likely affect the structure and function of a protein?
How would a significant increase in temperature likely affect the structure and function of a protein?
If a certain biological molecule is found to be primarily hydrophobic and insoluble in water, and is composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three long hydrocarbon chains, how would this molecule be classified?
If a certain biological molecule is found to be primarily hydrophobic and insoluble in water, and is composed of a glycerol molecule bonded to three long hydrocarbon chains, how would this molecule be classified?
Considering the properties of amino acid R-groups, how would the distribution of polar and nonpolar amino acids likely influence the folding of a soluble protein in an aqueous cellular environment?
Considering the properties of amino acid R-groups, how would the distribution of polar and nonpolar amino acids likely influence the folding of a soluble protein in an aqueous cellular environment?
Why are carbohydrates important for energy storage?
Why are carbohydrates important for energy storage?
How do phospholipids play significant structural roles in cell membranes due to their amphipathic properties?
How do phospholipids play significant structural roles in cell membranes due to their amphipathic properties?
What is the primary structural feature that distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the primary structural feature that distinguishes saturated fatty acids from unsaturated fatty acids?
What is the role of carboxyl functional groups in condensation reactions involving amino acids?
What is the role of carboxyl functional groups in condensation reactions involving amino acids?
How do the chemical properties of the R groups affect the overall structure of a protein?
How do the chemical properties of the R groups affect the overall structure of a protein?
If a protein is composed of multiple polypeptide chains, what name is given to the overall structure?
If a protein is composed of multiple polypeptide chains, what name is given to the overall structure?
Why do lipids have the property of being hydrophobic?
Why do lipids have the property of being hydrophobic?
What is the process by which monomers are combined to form a polymer?
What is the process by which monomers are combined to form a polymer?
The general formula for carbohydrates is $C_n(H_2O)_m$. What does this indicate about the composition of carbohydrates?
The general formula for carbohydrates is $C_n(H_2O)_m$. What does this indicate about the composition of carbohydrates?
What functional group is commonly found in alcohols?
What functional group is commonly found in alcohols?
Which property distinguishes lipids from proteins and carbohydrates?
Which property distinguishes lipids from proteins and carbohydrates?
What is the primary role of defensive proteins in living organisms?
What is the primary role of defensive proteins in living organisms?
How do changes in pH affect protein structure?
How do changes in pH affect protein structure?
Flashcards
Four kinds of molecules
Four kinds of molecules
Molecules characteristic of living things. Includes proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids.
Functional groups
Functional groups
Small groups of atoms that confer specific chemical properties when attached to a larger molecule.
Condensation reaction
Condensation reaction
A chemical reaction that produces water and forms macromolecules.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis
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Proteins
Proteins
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Polypeptide chains
Polypeptide chains
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Isomers
Isomers
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Primary structure (proteins)
Primary structure (proteins)
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Secondary structure (proteins)
Secondary structure (proteins)
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Tertiary structure (proteins)
Tertiary structure (proteins)
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Quaternary structure (proteins)
Quaternary structure (proteins)
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Denatured protein
Denatured protein
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Native protein
Native protein
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
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Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides
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Disaccharides
Disaccharides
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Oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
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Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
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Glycosidic bonds
Glycosidic bonds
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Starch
Starch
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Cellulose
Cellulose
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Glycogen
Glycogen
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Lipids
Lipids
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Hydrophobic
Hydrophobic
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Fats
Fats
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Oils
Oils
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Triglycerides
Triglycerides
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Amphipathic
Amphipathic
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Phospholipids
Phospholipids
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Saturated
Saturated
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Unsaturated
Unsaturated
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Study Notes
Today's Objectives
- Identify macromolecules characterizing living things
- Learn functional groups giving macromolecules chemical properties
- Understand the different amino acids comprising proteins and how protein structure gets determined
- Introduction to the relationship between protein structure and function is provided
- Understand the relationship between carbohydrate monomers and polymers, including examples
- Components of lipids are described, including the biological roles of lipids
Molecules of Living Things
- Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids characterize living things
- Proteins are formed from different combinations of 20 amino acids
- Carbohydrates are formed by linking together monosaccharides
- Nucleic acids are formed from four kinds of nucleotides
- Polymers are constructed by covalent bonding of smaller molecules called monomers
Functional Groups
- Specific groups of atoms, called functional groups, occur frequently in biological molecules
- Functional groups confer specific chemical properties when attached to a larger molecule
Protein Composition and Structure
- Proteins are polymers made up of 20 amino acids in different proportions and sequences
- The size of proteins ranges from small, like insulin with 51 amino acids, to huge, like titin with 24,000-36,000 amino acids
- Proteins consist of one or more polypeptide chains
- Polypeptide chains are unbranched (linear) polymers of covalently bonded amino acids
- Each chain folds into a particular 3D shape
Amino Acids as Isomers
- Amino acids can exist as optical isomers: D (dextro, right) and L (levo, left)
- Only L-amino acids are found in proteins of most organisms
- Isomers have the same chemical formula but are arranged differently
Amino and Carboxyl Groups
- At the pH levels found in cells (usually pH 7.0–7.4), the carboxyl and amino groups of amino acids are ionized
R Groups
- The side chains (or R groups) have functional groups
- The functional groups are important in determining the 3D structure and function of a protein
Electrically Charged Amino Acids
- Five amino acids have electrically charged side chains at pH levels typical of living cells
- The side chains attract water (hydrophilic)
- The side chains attract oppositely charged ions
Electrically Charged Amino Acids Examples
- Arginine, histidine, and lysine have a +1 charge.
- Aspartic acid and glutamic acid have a -1 charge.
Amino Acids with Polar Side Chains
- Five amino acids have polar (δ+ and δ-) side chains
- The polar side chains attract water (hydrophilic)
- The polar side chains form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar substances
- Serine, threonine, asparagine, glutamine, and tyrosine are examples of amino acids with polar side chains
Amino Acids with Nonpolar Side Chains
- Seven amino acids have nonpolar hydrocarbon side chains
- The side chains are hydrophobic
- The hydrophobic side chains cluster together in aqueous solution
- Alanine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, and valine are examples of amino acids with nonpolar side chains
Special Case Amino Acids
- Three amino acids are special cases: cysteine, glycine, and proline
Cysteine
- Cysteine has an -SH group
- Cysteine can react with another cysteine side chain in an oxidation reaction to form a covalent bond
- Forms a disulfide bridge
Glycine
- Features a side chain equal to a single H atom
- Glycine is small enough to fit into tight corners of interior of protein
- Allows the protein to be flexible at its location
- Glycine is generally hydrophobic
Proline
- Has a modified amino group: it lacks an H atom and covalently bonds to a hydrocarbon side chain
- The modified amino group creates a ring structure
- Proline has limited capability of hydrogen bonding and rotation around the alpha carbon
- Proline is found where a protein bends or loops
Primary Structure
- Primary structure is formed by amino acids linked by peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide
- Short polymers of <20 amino acids are called oligopeptides, or simply peptides
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