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    • What may happen to your personal information?

    <p>It is shared with third-party providers</p> Signup and view all the answers

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    <p>Learn more about iLearn</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of crossing over during prophase I?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes exchange genes, creating new combinations of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the source of genetic diversity in a species?

    <p>The total of all the genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of independent assortment during metaphase I?

    <p>Homologous chromosomes arrange themselves and separate independently, leading to random allele combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total of all the genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species?

    <p>Genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of genetic variation?

    <p>To increase genetic diversity within a species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the complete set of alleles in a species?

    <p>Gene pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of similarities within a population?

    <p>Show common ancestry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of differences between populations?

    <p>Show species diversity due to species variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definition of a gene pool?

    <p>The collection of all alleles in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of meiosis does random segregation occur?

    <p>Anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for a group of SNPs that are inherited together from a single parent?

    <p>Haplotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Human Genome Project?

    <p>To find the order of nucleotides in every gene of the human genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of non-identical male and female gametes fusion during fertilization?

    <p>Offspring with a combination of alleles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which meiosis increases genetic variation?

    <p>Random segregation during anaphase I</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of DNA sequencing in determining inheritance patterns?

    <p>To obtain a complete sequence of nucleotides for a specific gene or the whole genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of mutations in the genome?

    <p>Increase in genetic variation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenotypic expression of a genotype?

    <p>Phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum frequency required for a nucleotide alteration to be considered a SNP?

    <p>1% of a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does meiosis contribute to genetic variation?

    <p>By increasing genetic variation through random segregation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between genetic variation and evolution?

    <p>Genetic variation leads to evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of PCR in DNA sequencing?

    <p>To amplify DNA of different lengths</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of genetic variation and natural selection?

    <p>Favourable adaptations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the different variations of a single gene?

    <p>Allele</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ultimate outcome of genetic variation, natural selection, and genetic isolation?

    <p>Speciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of population genetics?

    <p>Analysis of genetic variation in a population</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the total of all genetic characteristics in a species?

    <p>Genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of changes in the frequency of alleles in a population?

    <p>Evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mathematical model for frequency in population genetics?

    <p>Total number of alleles/genotype/phenotype.Number of specific allele/genotype/phenotype</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can be identified by comparing a natural population to an ideal population?

    <p>Trends, patterns, and limitations in the frequency data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the collection of all genes responsible for all traits in a species?

    <p>Genome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the study of inheritance patterns?

    <p>Patterns of inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency for genetic traits in a population to vary between individuals?

    <p>Genetic variability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between autosomal and sex chromosomes in humans?

    <p>Autosomal chromosomes contain genes for body traits, while sex chromosomes contain genes for gender and secondary sexual characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What occurs when a mutation takes place in a germline cell?

    <p>The mutation is not expressed in the individual, but is inherited by the offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the inheritance of genes on the 1st-22nd pairs of chromosomes?

    <p>Autosomal inheritance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a cross between two parents with alleles TT and tt?

    <p>100% heterozygous offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where one allele is completely dominant over the other?

    <p>Simple dominance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of gametes in inheritance?

    <p>To carry genetic variation from one generation to the next</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between somatic cells and germline cells in terms of inheritance?

    <p>Mutations in somatic cells are not inherited, while mutations in germline cells are inherited</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the combination of alleles from each parent in a cross?

    <p>A 100% chance of the dominant allele being expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

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    Biological Molecules

    • Enzymes: Biocatalysts that speed up biochemical reactions
    • Haemoglobin: Transports oxygen
    • Hormones: Chemical messengers that coordinate cell activity
    • Antibodies: Immunity; fights pathogens for immunity
    • Collagen: Muscle fiber that strengthens muscles; important for growth and repair

    Genetic Variation

    • Genetic similarities and differences can be compared within and between species
    • Within a population (intraspecific): similarities show common ancestry, differences show genetic diversity
    • Between populations (interspecific): similarities show evolutionary relationships, differences show species diversity

    Sources of Variation

    • Genome: The complete set of genes in a species
    • Gene pool: The complete set of alleles (gene variations) in a species
    • Genetic diversity: The total of all genetic characteristics in a species
    • Sources of genetic variation:
      • Crossing over: Homologous chromosomes exchange genes, creating new combinations of alleles
      • Independent assortment: Homologous chromosomes arrange themselves and separate independently, leading to random allele combinations
      • Random fertilization: Non-identical male and female gametes fuse to create an offspring with a unique combination of alleles
      • Mutations: Produce new alleles to increase genetic variation
    • Meiosis + Fertilization + Mutations = Recombination of genes → Genetic variation → Favourable adaptations → Natural selection → Reproductive maturity of fittest organisms → Inheritance of favourable variations → Genetic isolation → Speciation (new species) → Diversity

    Gene Pool and Genotype

    • Gene pool: Each gene has different variations or alleles; a collection of all alleles in a population
    • Genotype: Every individual inherits 2 alleles per trait; each pair of alleles is a genotype
    • Phenotype: Each genotype codes for 1 trait; the phenotypic expression of each genotype (or pair of alleles)

    Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNPs)

    • A nucleotide alteration that occurs in more than 1% of a population
    • Most SNPs occur in non-coding regions of DNA
    • SNPs can be used as:
      • Indicators of disease susceptibility
      • Determining genetic relatedness
      • Establishing evolutionary relatedness

    Inheritance Patterns in a Population

    • Population genetic patterns can be predicted with accuracy using DNA analysis and genetic technology
    • Technologies used to determine inheritance patterns:
      • The Human Genome Project
      • Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
      • DNA sequencing (Sanger method)
    • Autosomal dominant and recessive inheritance patterns
    • X-linked dominant and recessive inheritance patterns

    Population Genetics

    • The study of frequency of traits/characteristics in a population
    • Changes in frequency → Change to population → Genetic variation → Evolution
    • Studying population genetics allows us to:
      • Predict the survival of a species through genetic variation
      • Conservation management
      • Predict the inheritance of diseases and disorders in a population
      • Trace evolution

    Mechanisms of Inheritance

    • Chromosomes:
      • Autosomes: contain genes responsible for body traits (1-22nd pairs in humans)
      • Sex-chromosomes: contain genes for gender and secondary sexual characteristics (23rd pair in humans)
    • Mutations:
      • Occur in both somatic and germline cells
      • Mutations in somatic cells → expression in individual → no inheritance
      • Mutations in germline cells → not expressed in individual → gametes → inheritance → expressed in offspring
    • Autosomal inheritance:
      • Inheritance on germline cells where the genes inherited are on the 1st - 22nd pairs of chromosomes
      • Inheritance of body characteristics

    Mathematical Model for Frequency

    • 𝑁𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒/ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒/ 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑠/ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠/ 𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒𝑠

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