Machine Lubrication and Cutting Fluids
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of lubrication in machine tools?

  • To prevent corrosion
  • To cool the machine
  • To support machine tool seal health (correct)
  • To reduce fluid friction

    • Which type of friction occurs when two round objects roll around or on top of each other?

  • Rolling friction (correct)
  • Sliding friction
  • Static friction
  • Fluid friction

    • What is the result of fluid friction?

  • Improved machinery performance
  • Reduced heat generation
  • Increased lubrication
  • Heat generation and elevated temperatures (correct)

    • What is the primary factor that affects viscosity?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cleaning in machine lubrication?

    <p>To remove dirt and debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of using a lubricant with too low viscosity?

    <p>Poor reduction of sliding friction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of cooling in machine lubrication?

    <p>To remove heat generated during machining</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using a lubricant with too high viscosity?

    <p>Elevated temperatures and poor lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lubrication in machine tools?

    <p>To reduce friction and machine tool wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications is known for its excellent chip evacuation and cooling capabilities?

    <p>Thru-Spindle Cutting Fluid Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Misting Application in machine tools?

    <p>Less potential for contamination in tanks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of compressed air delivery in machine tools?

    <p>Chip evacuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Thru-Spindle Misting System?

    <p>Good chip evacuation and excellent cooling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of Cryogenic Coolant in machine tools?

    <p>Maximizes the cooling effect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of MQL (Minimum Quantity Lubrication) Misting?

    <p>Uses a minimum quantity of oil for lubrication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following applications involves applying coolant directly to the tool?

    <p>Flood Application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of chemical cutting fluids?

    <p>They are non-toxic and non-hazardous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which metals are effectively drilled using chemical cutting fluids?

    <p>Beryllium, molybdenum, stainless steel and Stellite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary component of soluble oils?

    <p>Mineral oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the resulting product when emulsions (soluble oils) are mixed with water?

    <p>Milky white product</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of semi-synthetic fluids?

    <p>They contain 5-50% mineral oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of full synthetic fluids?

    <p>They provide the best cooling performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a benefit of using full synthetic fluids?

    <p>They elevate corrosion control</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of emulsions (soluble oils)?

    <p>They are dispersions of oil droplets in water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a ring or chain type oiler in a lathe headstock?

    <p>To lift oil to where it is needed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lubricant is used to reduce sliding friction on machine tools?

    <p>Grease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the importance of monitoring the reservoir level in a ring or chain type oiler?

    <p>To prevent lubrication failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended approach to lubricating a machine according to the manufacturer's schedule?

    <p>Always lubricate as recommended by the manufacturer's lube chart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a manufacturer's lubrication schedule?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of lubrication in a manual lathe?

    <p>To reduce wear and tear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of not following the manufacturer's lubrication schedule?

    <p>Lubrication failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary benefit of using a grease nipple application?

    <p>Simplified lubrication process</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the temperature at which a fluid's vapour will ignite when exposed to flame?

    <p>Flash Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of anti-wear and EP agents in lubricating oils?

    <p>To reduce friction and wear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lubricant is synthesized into simpler chemical compounds and contains no sulfur, metals, or phosphorus?

    <p>Synthetic oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of pour point depressants in lubricating oils?

    <p>To enable lubricant to flow at low temperatures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the lowest temperature at which a lubricant will pour freely?

    <p>Pour Point</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lubricant is typically used in applications that require a high viscosity, such as in grease forms?

    <p>Semi-solid lubricant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of corrosion and rust inhibitors in lubricating oils?

    <p>To prevent corrosion and rusting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of pressure on a fluid's viscosity?

    <p>It increases the viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Machine Lubrication and Cutting Fluids

    Chemical Cutting Fluids

    • Non-toxic and non-hazardous
    • Biodegradable
    • Does not contain sulfur, chlorinated solvents, chlorine, water, mineral oil, or inactive fillers
    • Effective on tough-to-drill metals and alloys like beryllium, molybdenum, stainless steel, and Stellite
    • Great for cutting, drilling, tapping, or threading metal components
    • Ozone-Friendly formula contains no 1,1,1 trichloroethane

    Soluble Oils

    • Emulsify into water and contain 60-85% mineral oil
    • Least expensive fluid alternative
    • Offer good lubrication and have a great cooling capacity
    • Emulsions produce a milky white product when mixed with water

    Semi-Synthetic Fluids

    • Emulsify into water and comprise 5-50% mineral oil
    • Heat transfer performance and cost lie between synthetic and soluble fluids

    Full Synthetic Fluids

    • Provide the best cooling performance and microbial control
    • Clear liquid increases visibility
    • Elevated corrosion control

    Delivery Systems

    • Compressed air delivery: used for chip evacuation but does not take away heat effectively
    • MQL (minimum quantity lubrication) Misting: compressed air with a minimum quantity of oil for lubrication
    • Cryogenic coolant: a liquefied gas used as a coolant to maximize the cooling effect

    Flood Application

    • Apply coolant directly on the tool for all machining operations

    Thru-Spindle Cutting Fluid Application

    • Good for cooling at deep machining conditions
    • Excellent chip evacuation

    Thru-Spindle Misting System

    • Air infused with coolants
    • Good chip evacuation
    • Excellent cooling levels
    • Ease of viewing

    Misting Application

    • Less potential for contamination in tanks
    • Ease of sight line
    • High efficiency cooling effect
    • Good chip evacuation

    Purpose of Lubrication

    • Supports a reduction of machine tool wear
    • Reduces friction
    • Supports corrosion resistance
    • Lubricant supports machine tool seal health
    • Cleaning, cooling, and prevents adhesion

    Types of Friction

    • Sliding friction: occurs as two different objects slide over each other
    • Rolling friction: occurs as two round objects roll around or on top of each other
    • Fluid friction: occurs as a pressurized fluid is restricted in its flow, causing heat

    Sliding Friction Example

    • Saddle of a lathe creates sliding friction as it moves along the ways
    • Shaft rotating in a bushing

    Rolling Friction

    • Ball bearing meets rolling friction as it rolls around a bearing race

    Fluid Friction

    • Resistance one molecule in a fluid meets as it flows past another

    Properties of Lubricants

    • Viscosity: measurement of a fluid's ability to flow at a specific temperature
    • Flash point: the temperature where a fluid's vapor will ignite when exposed to flame
    • Fire point: when a fluid burns steadily once ignited once exposed to flame
    • Pour point: the lowest temperature where a lubricant will pour freely

    Choosing Oils Based on Viscosity

    • Too low an oil viscosity: not provide adequate protection and ultimately poor reduction of sliding friction
    • Too high a oil viscosity: cause fluid friction and elevated temperatures, and also poor lubrication protection

    Oil Additives

    • Anti-wear and EP agents: reduce friction and wear, and prevent scoring and seizure
    • Corrosion and rust inhibitors: prevent corrosion and rusting of metal parts in contact with the lubricant
    • Detergents: keep surfaces free of deposits
    • Dispersants: keep insoluble contaminants dispersed in the lubricant
    • Friction modifiers: alter the coefficient of friction
    • Pour point depressants: enable lubricant to flow at low temperatures
    • Seal swell agents: swell elastomeric seals
    • Viscosity modifiers: reduce the rate of viscosity change with temperature

    Lubricant Types

    • Petroleum-based: incorporate molecules of hydrocarbons as well as additives
    • Synthetic: lubricant bases are poly-alpha-olefins that contain no sulfur, metals, or phosphorus
    • Animal by-product based: lards, fatty acids from cows, sheep, fish
    • Vegetable-based: oils from vegetables like canola, olives

    Lubricant Selection

    • Petroleum-based, synthetic, animal by-product based, or vegetable-based lubricants
    • Consider the type of machine tool, operating conditions, and the desired lubrication performance

    Lubrication Types Commonly Found in the Machine Shop

    • Liquids: oil that flows with viscosity of SAE 0 – 100
    • Semi-solids: greases require some form of injection system

    Lubrication Schedules

    • Manufacturer's schedule: follow the recommended lubrication schedule
    • Points to be lubricated: how often to lubricate, and what kind of lubrication to use
    • Always lubricate as recommended by the manufacturer's lube chart

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    Machine Lubrication and Cutting Fluids PDF

    Description

    This quiz covers the characteristics of chemical cutting fluids, including their non-toxic and biodegradable properties, and their composition. It is suitable for mechanical engineering and manufacturing students.

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