Machine Learning Quiz: Test Your Knowledge with Online Quizzes

Overview of Machine Learning

Machine learning is a field that uses data to improve computer performance on tasks without being explicitly programmed to do so.
Machine learning algorithms build a model based on sample data, known as training data, to make predictions or decisions.
Machine learning is used in various applications such as medicine, email filtering, speech recognition, agriculture, and computer vision.
Machine learning employs various approaches to teach computers to accomplish tasks where no fully satisfactory algorithm is available.
The difference between optimization and machine learning arises from the goal of generalization: while optimization algorithms can minimize the loss on a training set, machine learning is concerned with minimizing the loss on unseen samples.
Machine learning and statistics are closely related fields in terms of methods, but distinct in their principal goal: statistics draws population inferences from a sample, while machine learning finds generalizable predictive patterns.
Machine learning approaches are traditionally divided into three broad categories: supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and semi-supervised learning.
Supervised learning algorithms build a mathematical model of a set of data that contains both the inputs and the desired outputs.
Unsupervised learning algorithms take a set of data that contains only inputs, and find structure in the data, like grouping or clustering of data points.
Semi-supervised learning falls between unsupervised learning and supervised learning.
The field of machine learning has two objectives: classifying data based on models which have been developed, and making predictions for future outcomes based on these models.
Machine learning has intimate ties to optimization, statistics, physics, and theory.Overview of Machine Learning Techniques
Reinforcement learning is a method of machine learning that maximizes cumulative reward by training software agents to take actions in an environment.
Dimensionality reduction is a process of reducing the number of variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables.
Feature learning is a process of discovering better representations of inputs provided during training, either supervised or unsupervised.
Sparse dictionary learning is a feature learning method where a training example is represented as a linear combination of basis functions.
Anomaly detection is the identification of rare items, events or observations which raise suspicions by differing significantly from the majority of the data.
Robot learning is inspired by a multitude of machine learning methods, starting from supervised learning, reinforcement learning, and finally meta-learning.
Association rule learning is a rule-based machine learning method for discovering relationships between variables in large databases.
Learning classifier systems (LCS) are a family of rule-based machine learning algorithms that combine a discovery component with a learning component.
Inductive logic programming (ILP) is an approach to rule learning using logic programming as a uniform representation for input examples, background knowledge, and hypotheses.
Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are computing systems inspired by the biological neural networks that constitute animal brains.
Machine learning involves creating a model, which is trained on some training data and then can process additional data to make predictions.
Deep learning is the dominant approach for much ongoing work in the field of machine learning as of 2022.Overview of Machine Learning: Approaches, Applications, Limitations, and Ethics
Machine learning involves the use of algorithms and statistical models to enable computers to learn from data without being explicitly programmed.
Deep learning, which consists of multiple hidden layers in an artificial neural network, has been successful in computer vision and speech recognition.
Decision tree learning uses a decision tree as a predictive model to go from observations about an item to conclusions about the item's target value.
Support-vector machines are a set of related supervised learning methods used for classification and regression, including non-linear classification using the kernel trick.
Regression analysis encompasses a large variety of statistical methods to estimate the relationship between input variables and their associated features.
A Bayesian network represents a set of random variables and their conditional independence with a directed acyclic graph, which is used for probabilistic relationships between variables.
Gaussian processes are popular surrogate models used in Bayesian optimization, which can predict the output of a new point based on observed points and their covariances.
Genetic algorithms are a search algorithm and heuristic technique that mimics the process of natural selection to generate new genotypes in the hope of finding good solutions to a given problem.
Machine learning models require a large and representative sample of data for accurate predictions, but overfitting and algorithmic bias are potential issues to watch out for.
Federated learning is a decentralized form of training machine learning models that maintains users' privacy by not sending data to a centralized server.
Applications of machine learning include movie recommendations, predicting the financial crisis, medical diagnosis, art history, and COVID-19 diagnoses and cures.
Limitations of machine learning include lack of suitable data, data bias, privacy problems, and evaluation problems, and adversarial vulnerabilities can result in nonlinear systems.
Ethical questions arise with machine learning, including algorithmic bias and the responsible collection of data and documentation of algorithmic rules used by a system.Machine Learning: Hardware, Neuromorphic Networks, Embedded Systems, and Software
Machine learning algorithms could create ethical dilemmas in healthcare, as they have the potential to increase profits by providing unnecessary tests or medication. However, mitigating these biases could provide professionals with an additional tool to diagnose, medicate, and plan recovery paths for patients.
Advances in both machine learning algorithms and computer hardware have led to more efficient methods for training deep neural networks that contain many layers of non-linear hidden units.
Graphic processing units (GPUs), often with AI-specific enhancements, have displaced CPUs as the dominant method of training large-scale commercial cloud AI.
Physical neural networks or Neuromorphic computers use an electrically adjustable material to emulate the function of a neural synapse and rely on physical hardware to emulate neurons, as opposed to software-based approaches.
Embedded Machine Learning is a sub-field of machine learning where the machine learning model is run on embedded systems with limited computing resources such as wearable computers, edge devices, and microcontrollers, reducing the need for transferring and storing data on cloud servers.
Software suites containing a variety of machine learning algorithms include TensorFlow, Scikit-learn, and Apache Mahout.
Proprietary software such as IBM Watson and Microsoft Azure Machine Learning Studio also offer machine learning capabilities.
Major machine learning conferences include NeurIPS, ICML, and ICLR.
Journals such as the Journal of Machine Learning Research and Machine Learning publish research papers on the latest developments in machine learning.
Machine learning has the potential to impact a wide range of industries, including healthcare, finance, and transportation.