Machine Learning Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary objective of a supervised learning model?

  • To predict the output based on the input variables (correct)
  • To identify the hidden patterns in the data
  • To maximize the revenue based on the user's preferences
  • To determine the underlying structure of the data

What is the term for the tendency of a predictive hypothesis to deviate from the expected value?

  • Underfitting
  • Bias (correct)
  • Overfitting
  • Variance

What occurs when a model performs poorly on test data due to too much training?

  • Bias
  • Overfitting (correct)
  • Variance
  • Underfitting

What is the term for the choice between more complex, low-bias hypotheses and simpler, low-variance hypotheses?

<p>Bias-variance tradeoff (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of model evaluation in supervised learning?

<p>To estimate the model's performance on unseen data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves identifying patterns in unlabelled data?

<p>Unsupervised learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of change in the hypothesis due to fluctuations in the training data?

<p>Variance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of utility-based learning?

<p>To maximize the revenue based on the user's preferences (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of k-fold cross-validation in supervised learning?

<p>To minimize the loss function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of model is characterized by a fixed set of parameters, independent of the number of training examples?

<p>Parametric model (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of a learning agent in utility-based learning?

<p>To maximize the utility function (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which model is an example of a nonparametric learning method?

<p>Table lookup (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion for selecting a model in supervised learning?

<p>To minimize the loss function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of holding out a portion of the data as a validation set in k-fold cross-validation?

<p>To evaluate the model's performance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem that can occur when a model is too complex and fits the training data too well?

<p>Overfitting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves finding patterns in the data without a target output variable?

<p>Unsupervised learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of model selection in supervised learning?

<p>To choose a good hypothesis space (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with decision trees when dealing with new examples?

<p>They are unstable and can change the entire tree with a single new example (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the validation set in model evaluation?

<p>To choose the best candidate model (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the error rate in the context of model evaluation?

<p>The proportion of times that h (x) ≠ y for a sample (x, y) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?

<p>Supervised learning involves training a model to predict a target variable, while unsupervised learning does not (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem with overfitting in supervised learning?

<p>The model is too complex and fits the noise in the training data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of splitting the data into training and test sets?

<p>To evaluate the performance of a trained model on unseen data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a validation set in addition to a training and test set?

<p>It helps us choose the best candidate model from a set of models (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of a machine learning algorithm in supervised learning?

<p>To learn a function that maps from input to output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does not rely on explicit feedback?

<p>Unsupervised Learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which type of learning is the goal to maximize a reward signal?

<p>Utility-based Learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of supervised learning over unsupervised learning?

<p>Improved prediction accuracy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is most suitable for anomaly detection?

<p>Unsupervised Learning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of model evaluation in machine learning?

<p>To estimate the model's performance on unseen data (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of overfitting?

<p>Good performance on training data but poor performance on test data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of underfitting in machine learning?

<p>Model complexity is too low (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of separator does an SVM construct?

<p>Maximum margin separator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-parametric method?

<p>Support Vector Machines (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of SVMs in terms of loss?

<p>Minimize expected generalization loss (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of data augmentation in machine learning?

<p>To help when data are limited (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the kernel trick in SVMs?

<p>It allows for non-linear separability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a ROC curve in machine learning?

<p>To visualize model performance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is nonstationarity in machine learning?

<p>The world changes over time (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of model evaluation in machine learning?

<p>To understand why the model made a particular prediction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prior knowledge in Explanation-Based Learning?

<p>To reduce the complexity of learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the generalized proof tree in Explanation-Based Learning?

<p>A new rule is constructed with the parametrized goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Explanation-Based Learning, what is the purpose of dropping conditions from the left-hand side of the new rule?

<p>To eliminate conditions that are true regardless of the goal (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) techniques?

<p>To perform knowledge-based inductive learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the extension of background knowledge in Explanation-Based Learning?

<p>It is based on extracting rules from individual observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Explanation-Based Learning and Inductive Logic Programming (ILP)?

<p>ILP is used to perform Explanation-Based Learning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of relevance-based learning?

<p>It uses prior knowledge in the form of determinations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the background knowledge in knowledge-based inductive learning?

<p>To help the agent infer a new, general rule that explains the observations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is characterized by the agent using deductive form of learning and needing initial knowledge?

<p>Knowledge-based inductive learning (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the goal predicate in relevance-based learning?

<p>To determine the relevance of a set of features (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between knowledge-based inductive learning and other types of learning?

<p>It uses prior knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the agent in knowledge-based inductive learning?

<p>To use deductive form of learning with initial knowledge (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a determination P ≻ Q imply?

<p>If any examples match on hypothesis P, then they must also match on hypothesis Q (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of first-order literals in Inductive Logic Programming?

<p>To represent the examples as facts in the programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the initial hypothesis in Inductive Logic Programming?

<p>To represent the most general rule for solving the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of literals can be added to a clause in Inductive Logic Programming?

<p>Literals build using existing predicates, with at least one variable (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the logical inference behind the program interpreter in Inductive Logic Programming?

<p>To derive conclusions as rules to solve the problem (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Inductive Logic Programming?

<p>To learn from examples and generalize to new situations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the logical relationship between hypotheses h1 and h2 if h1 is a generalization of h2?

<p>∀ x C2(x) ⇒ C1(x) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does a machine learning agent engage in if it maintains a single hypothesis and adjusts it as new examples arrive?

<p>Learning by searching for the current-best-hypothesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a false negative example on a hypothesis?

<p>The hypothesis is generalized to include the example (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the version space of a hypothesis?

<p>The set of all possible hypotheses that are consistent with the data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of least-commitment search in machine learning?

<p>To find the most specific hypothesis that is consistent with the data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a false positive example on a hypothesis?

<p>The hypothesis is specialized to exclude the example (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What must the boundary-set possess in order to represent the version space without the need to explore it entirely?

<p>Two properties: every consistent hypothesis is more specific than some member of the G-set and more general than some member of the S-set (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a machine learning agent in the modern approach to AI?

<p>To design agents that already know something about the solution and are trying to learn more during the process of solving problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of search is used to explore the version space in a least-commitment strategy?

<p>Least-commitment search (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a hypothesis being more specific than some member of the G-set and more general than some member of the S-set?

<p>It may be a consistent hypothesis, but it is not guaranteed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL)?

<p>To extract general rules from single examples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a hypothesis being more general than some member of the S-set and more specific than some member of the G-set?

<p>It is guaranteed to be a consistent hypothesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of CHOOSE-LITERAL in inductive learning?

<p>To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses based on information gain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of resolving two clauses C1 and C2 in inverse resolution?

<p>A new clause C that is the result of resolving C1 and C2 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using literals in inductive learning?

<p>They can be used to represent complex relationships between variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of inductive learning with inverse deduction?

<p>To generate new hypotheses using inverse resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ockham's razor in CHOOSE-LITERAL?

<p>To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses based on information gain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using inverse resolution in inductive learning?

<p>It can be used to generate new hypotheses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between literals and clauses in inductive learning?

<p>Literals are used to represent complex relationships between variables (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of using information gain in CHOOSE-LITERAL?

<p>To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of resolving a clause C with a clause C1 in inverse resolution?

<p>A new clause C2 that is the result of resolving C and C1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using inductive learning with inverse deduction?

<p>It can be used to generate new hypotheses (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a sequential environment, what is a characteristic of an agent's actions?

<p>They have long-term consequences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment does not change while the agent is deliberating?

<p>Static environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent selects actions based solely on the current percept and predefined rules or mappings from percepts to actions?

<p>Simple reflex agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent maintains an internal model of the world and uses it to plan and reason about actions?

<p>Model-based reflex agent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of goal-based agents?

<p>They have explicit goals or objectives. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a dynamic environment, what happens while the agent is acting?

<p>The environment changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to classify agents based on their design and behavior?

<p>By their design and behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of agents in a sequential environment?

<p>Their actions have long-term consequences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criteria for an agent to be successful in a fully observable environment?

<p>The agent's performance measure is optimized. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an episodic environment and a sequential environment?

<p>The impact of the agent's actions on the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensors in an AI agent?

<p>To perceive or gather information about the environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a deterministic environment?

<p>The next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state and the actions taken by the agent. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of defining the environment in an AI agent?

<p>To describe the context in which the agent operates. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a partially observable environment and a fully observable environment?

<p>The amount of information available to the agent's sensors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of actuators in an AI agent?

<p>To take actions to manipulate the environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of categorizing environments into different types?

<p>To design specific AI agents for each type of environment. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of overdependence on AI in the workforce?

<p>A decline in certain human skills, particularly those related to problem-solving (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible way to limit the impact of AI on human skills and workforce?

<p>Developing policies that support workforce transition through retraining programs (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of regulating the use of AI in sensitive areas such as media and political campaigns?

<p>To prevent the manipulation of public opinions and elections (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of an agent to select actions that maximize its expected performance measure?

<p>Rationality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensors in an AI agent?

<p>To perceive the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an agent in an AI system?

<p>To select actions that maximize its expected performance measure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the external factors that can affect an AI agent's performance?

<p>Environment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI-generated deepfakes or algorithmically curated content?

<p>A manipulation of social and political scenarios (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding AI systems, which can lead to unfair treatment of certain groups?

<p>Bias and discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI technologies, in terms of personal data?

<p>Intrusion on individuals' privacy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of AI systems that enables them to adapt to new situations?

<p>Learning from data (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of AI approach that involves programming computers to manipulate symbols based on predefined rules?

<p>Symbolic AI (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI systems, in terms of human skills?

<p>Erosion of human skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of AI systems, in terms of decision making?

<p>To make decisions based on patterns and predictions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of deep learning, a subset of machine learning?

<p>Use of artificial neural networks with many layers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI systems, in terms of social manipulation?

<p>Social manipulation and control (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding the lack of accountability in AI systems?

<p>Determining liability for harm caused by AI systems (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of over-reliance on AI in various sectors?

<p>Dehumanization in customer service and caregiving (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key approach to limiting the impact of AI on job displacement?

<p>Upskilling and reskilling workers to work alongside AI systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a legal challenge arising from AI systems operating across borders?

<p>Navigating varying international regulations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of dehumanization in various sectors?

<p>Erosion of human skills and empathy (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key approach to limiting the impact of AI on social problems?

<p>Implementing rigorous ethical guidelines for AI systems (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI-generated content?

<p>Intellectual property issues in AI-generated content (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in assigning liability for harm caused by AI systems?

<p>Clarifying the responsibility of AI system developers and users (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

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