Machine Learning Fundamentals

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What is the primary objective of a supervised learning model?

To predict the output based on the input variables (correct)

To identify the hidden patterns in the data

To maximize the revenue based on the user's preferences

To determine the underlying structure of the data

What is the term for the tendency of a predictive hypothesis to deviate from the expected value?

Underfitting

Bias (correct)

Overfitting

Variance

What occurs when a model performs poorly on test data due to too much training?

Bias

Overfitting (correct)

Variance

Underfitting

What is the term for the choice between more complex, low-bias hypotheses and simpler, low-variance hypotheses?

Bias-variance tradeoff Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of model evaluation in supervised learning?

To estimate the model's performance on unseen data Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves identifying patterns in unlabelled data?

Unsupervised learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the amount of change in the hypothesis due to fluctuations in the training data?

Variance Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of utility-based learning?

To maximize the revenue based on the user's preferences Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of k-fold cross-validation in supervised learning?

To minimize the loss function Signup and view all the answers

What type of model is characterized by a fixed set of parameters, independent of the number of training examples?

Parametric model Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of a learning agent in utility-based learning?

To maximize the utility function Signup and view all the answers

Which model is an example of a nonparametric learning method?

Table lookup Signup and view all the answers

What is the main criterion for selecting a model in supervised learning?

To minimize the loss function Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of holding out a portion of the data as a validation set in k-fold cross-validation?

To evaluate the model's performance Signup and view all the answers

What is a common problem that can occur when a model is too complex and fits the training data too well?

Overfitting Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning involves finding patterns in the data without a target output variable?

Unsupervised learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of model selection in supervised learning?

To choose a good hypothesis space Signup and view all the answers

What is the main issue with decision trees when dealing with new examples?

They are unstable and can change the entire tree with a single new example Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the validation set in model evaluation?

To choose the best candidate model Signup and view all the answers

What is the error rate in the context of model evaluation?

The proportion of times that h (x) ≠ y for a sample (x, y) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between supervised and unsupervised learning?

Supervised learning involves training a model to predict a target variable, while unsupervised learning does not Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary problem with overfitting in supervised learning?

The model is too complex and fits the noise in the training data Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of splitting the data into training and test sets?

To evaluate the performance of a trained model on unseen data Signup and view all the answers

What is the main advantage of using a validation set in addition to a training and test set?

It helps us choose the best candidate model from a set of models Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of a machine learning algorithm in supervised learning?

To learn a function that maps from input to output Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does not rely on explicit feedback?

Unsupervised Learning Signup and view all the answers

In which type of learning is the goal to maximize a reward signal?

Utility-based Learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of supervised learning over unsupervised learning?

Improved prediction accuracy Signup and view all the answers

Which type of learning is most suitable for anomaly detection?

Unsupervised Learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of model evaluation in machine learning?

To estimate the model's performance on unseen data Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of overfitting?

Good performance on training data but poor performance on test data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of underfitting in machine learning?

Model complexity is too low Signup and view all the answers

What type of separator does an SVM construct?

Maximum margin separator Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a non-parametric method?

Support Vector Machines Signup and view all the answers

What is the goal of SVMs in terms of loss?

Minimize expected generalization loss Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of data augmentation in machine learning?

To help when data are limited Signup and view all the answers

What is the main benefit of the kernel trick in SVMs?

It allows for non-linear separability Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a ROC curve in machine learning?

To visualize model performance Signup and view all the answers

What is nonstationarity in machine learning?

The world changes over time Signup and view all the answers

What is the main goal of model evaluation in machine learning?

To understand why the model made a particular prediction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of prior knowledge in Explanation-Based Learning?

To reduce the complexity of learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the generalized proof tree in Explanation-Based Learning?

A new rule is constructed with the parametrized goal Signup and view all the answers

In Explanation-Based Learning, what is the purpose of dropping conditions from the left-hand side of the new rule?

To eliminate conditions that are true regardless of the goal Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of Inductive Logic Programming (ILP) techniques?

To perform knowledge-based inductive learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the extension of background knowledge in Explanation-Based Learning?

It is based on extracting rules from individual observations Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between Explanation-Based Learning and Inductive Logic Programming (ILP)?

ILP is used to perform Explanation-Based Learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the key characteristic of relevance-based learning?

It uses prior knowledge in the form of determinations Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the background knowledge in knowledge-based inductive learning?

To help the agent infer a new, general rule that explains the observations Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning is characterized by the agent using deductive form of learning and needing initial knowledge?

Knowledge-based inductive learning Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the goal predicate in relevance-based learning?

To determine the relevance of a set of features Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between knowledge-based inductive learning and other types of learning?

It uses prior knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the agent in knowledge-based inductive learning?

To use deductive form of learning with initial knowledge Signup and view all the answers

What does a determination P ≻ Q imply?

If any examples match on hypothesis P, then they must also match on hypothesis Q Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of first-order literals in Inductive Logic Programming?

To represent the examples as facts in the programs Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the initial hypothesis in Inductive Logic Programming?

To represent the most general rule for solving the problem Signup and view all the answers

What type of literals can be added to a clause in Inductive Logic Programming?

Literals build using existing predicates, with at least one variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the logical inference behind the program interpreter in Inductive Logic Programming?

To derive conclusions as rules to solve the problem Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Inductive Logic Programming?

To learn from examples and generalize to new situations Signup and view all the answers

What is the logical relationship between hypotheses h1 and h2 if h1 is a generalization of h2?

∀ x C2(x) ⇒ C1(x) Signup and view all the answers

What type of learning does a machine learning agent engage in if it maintains a single hypothesis and adjusts it as new examples arrive?

Learning by searching for the current-best-hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of a false negative example on a hypothesis?

The hypothesis is generalized to include the example Signup and view all the answers

What is the version space of a hypothesis?

The set of all possible hypotheses that are consistent with the data Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of least-commitment search in machine learning?

To find the most specific hypothesis that is consistent with the data Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of a false positive example on a hypothesis?

The hypothesis is specialized to exclude the example Signup and view all the answers

What must the boundary-set possess in order to represent the version space without the need to explore it entirely?

Two properties: every consistent hypothesis is more specific than some member of the G-set and more general than some member of the S-set Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of a machine learning agent in the modern approach to AI?

To design agents that already know something about the solution and are trying to learn more during the process of solving problems Signup and view all the answers

What type of search is used to explore the version space in a least-commitment strategy?

Least-commitment search Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a hypothesis being more specific than some member of the G-set and more general than some member of the S-set?

It may be a consistent hypothesis, but it is not guaranteed Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of Explanation-Based Learning (EBL)?

To extract general rules from single examples Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of a hypothesis being more general than some member of the S-set and more specific than some member of the G-set?

It is guaranteed to be a consistent hypothesis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of CHOOSE-LITERAL in inductive learning?

To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses based on information gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of resolving two clauses C1 and C2 in inverse resolution?

A new clause C that is the result of resolving C1 and C2 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using literals in inductive learning?

They can be used to represent complex relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of inductive learning with inverse deduction?

To generate new hypotheses using inverse resolution Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Ockham's razor in CHOOSE-LITERAL?

To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses based on information gain Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using inverse resolution in inductive learning?

It can be used to generate new hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between literals and clauses in inductive learning?

Literals are used to represent complex relationships between variables Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of using information gain in CHOOSE-LITERAL?

To eliminate irrelevant hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of resolving a clause C with a clause C1 in inverse resolution?

A new clause C2 that is the result of resolving C and C1 Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using inductive learning with inverse deduction?

It can be used to generate new hypotheses Signup and view all the answers

In a sequential environment, what is a characteristic of an agent's actions?

They have long-term consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What type of environment does not change while the agent is deliberating?

Static environment Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent selects actions based solely on the current percept and predefined rules or mappings from percepts to actions?

Simple reflex agent Signup and view all the answers

What type of agent maintains an internal model of the world and uses it to plan and reason about actions?

Model-based reflex agent Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of goal-based agents?

They have explicit goals or objectives. Signup and view all the answers

In a dynamic environment, what happens while the agent is acting?

The environment changes. Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to classify agents based on their design and behavior?

By their design and behavior Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of agents in a sequential environment?

Their actions have long-term consequences. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary criteria for an agent to be successful in a fully observable environment?

The agent's performance measure is optimized. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between an episodic environment and a sequential environment?

The impact of the agent's actions on the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensors in an AI agent?

To perceive or gather information about the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of a deterministic environment?

The next state of the environment is completely determined by the current state and the actions taken by the agent. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of defining the environment in an AI agent?

To describe the context in which the agent operates. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between a partially observable environment and a fully observable environment?

The amount of information available to the agent's sensors. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of actuators in an AI agent?

To take actions to manipulate the environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of categorizing environments into different types?

To design specific AI agents for each type of environment. Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of overdependence on AI in the workforce?

A decline in certain human skills, particularly those related to problem-solving Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible way to limit the impact of AI on human skills and workforce?

Developing policies that support workforce transition through retraining programs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of regulating the use of AI in sensitive areas such as media and political campaigns?

To prevent the manipulation of public opinions and elections Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of an agent to select actions that maximize its expected performance measure?

Rationality Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of sensors in an AI agent?

To perceive the environment Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of an agent in an AI system?

To select actions that maximize its expected performance measure Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the external factors that can affect an AI agent's performance?

Environment Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI-generated deepfakes or algorithmically curated content?

A manipulation of social and political scenarios Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant concern regarding AI systems, which can lead to unfair treatment of certain groups?

Bias and discrimination Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI technologies, in terms of personal data?

Intrusion on individuals' privacy Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of AI systems that enables them to adapt to new situations?

Learning from data Signup and view all the answers

What is a type of AI approach that involves programming computers to manipulate symbols based on predefined rules?

Symbolic AI Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI systems, in terms of human skills?

Erosion of human skills Signup and view all the answers

What is a goal of AI systems, in terms of decision making?

To make decisions based on patterns and predictions Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of deep learning, a subset of machine learning?

Use of artificial neural networks with many layers Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI systems, in terms of social manipulation?

Social manipulation and control Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary concern regarding the lack of accountability in AI systems?

Determining liability for harm caused by AI systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of over-reliance on AI in various sectors?

Dehumanization in customer service and caregiving Signup and view all the answers

What is a key approach to limiting the impact of AI on job displacement?

Upskilling and reskilling workers to work alongside AI systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a legal challenge arising from AI systems operating across borders?

Navigating varying international regulations Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of dehumanization in various sectors?

Erosion of human skills and empathy Signup and view all the answers

What is a key approach to limiting the impact of AI on social problems?

Implementing rigorous ethical guidelines for AI systems Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential consequence of AI-generated content?

Intellectual property issues in AI-generated content Signup and view all the answers

What is a key challenge in assigning liability for harm caused by AI systems?

Clarifying the responsibility of AI system developers and users Signup and view all the answers