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Questions and Answers
What is the primary role of cardiac looping during embryonic development?
What is the primary role of cardiac looping during embryonic development?
Which structure primarily directs the course of fetal circulation before birth?
Which structure primarily directs the course of fetal circulation before birth?
Which of the following is a common cause of congenital heart defects related to vascular development?
Which of the following is a common cause of congenital heart defects related to vascular development?
How does the serotonin and PITX2 contribute to the establishment of laterality in the embryo?
How does the serotonin and PITX2 contribute to the establishment of laterality in the embryo?
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Which of the following structures is involved in partitioning the primordial heart?
Which of the following structures is involved in partitioning the primordial heart?
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What is a significant consequence of disruption in vascular development during embryonic growth?
What is a significant consequence of disruption in vascular development during embryonic growth?
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Which embryonic structure is primarily responsible for the development of the outflow tract of the heart?
Which embryonic structure is primarily responsible for the development of the outflow tract of the heart?
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What is the main function of the pericardial cavity during embryonic heart development?
What is the main function of the pericardial cavity during embryonic heart development?
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At which embryonic week does the primordial heart and vascular system appear?
At which embryonic week does the primordial heart and vascular system appear?
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What initiates the first heartbeat in the developing embryo?
What initiates the first heartbeat in the developing embryo?
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What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?
What is the most common type of congenital heart defect?
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Which of the following statements accurately describes transposition of the great arteries?
Which of the following statements accurately describes transposition of the great arteries?
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What causes the mixing of blood between the two ventricles in ventricular septal defects?
What causes the mixing of blood between the two ventricles in ventricular septal defects?
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Which type of atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common?
Which type of atrial septal defect (ASD) is the most common?
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What is a potential complication of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)?
What is a potential complication of atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD)?
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Which of the following describes the mechanism of angiogenesis?
Which of the following describes the mechanism of angiogenesis?
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Which heart structure acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart?
Which heart structure acts as the primary pacemaker of the heart?
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What occurs in persistent truncus arteriosus?
What occurs in persistent truncus arteriosus?
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Which congenital heart defect is characterized by the absence of the tricuspid valve?
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by the absence of the tricuspid valve?
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What is the primary cause of aortic valve stenosis?
What is the primary cause of aortic valve stenosis?
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Which portion of the pulmonary system is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
Which portion of the pulmonary system is responsible for carrying deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs?
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Which process describes the primary formation of blood vessels during embryonic development?
Which process describes the primary formation of blood vessels during embryonic development?
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What symptom is common to both Ebstein anomaly and tricuspid atresia?
What symptom is common to both Ebstein anomaly and tricuspid atresia?
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What major complication can arise if an atrial septal defect (ASD) is not treated?
What major complication can arise if an atrial septal defect (ASD) is not treated?
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Which aortic arch is responsible for supplying blood to the face and neck?
Which aortic arch is responsible for supplying blood to the face and neck?
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What structure develops from the upper part of the septum primum?
What structure develops from the upper part of the septum primum?
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Which of the following accurately describes the closure of the interventricular foramen?
Which of the following accurately describes the closure of the interventricular foramen?
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What occurs to the left and right horns of the sinus venosus during weeks 4-10 of development?
What occurs to the left and right horns of the sinus venosus during weeks 4-10 of development?
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What do truncal ridges in the truncus arteriosus form after mesenchymal cell proliferation?
What do truncal ridges in the truncus arteriosus form after mesenchymal cell proliferation?
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How are the semilunar valves in the heart primarily formed?
How are the semilunar valves in the heart primarily formed?
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What is the role of the foramen ovale during fetal development?
What is the role of the foramen ovale during fetal development?
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What connects the ventricles to the atrioventricular valves in the developing heart?
What connects the ventricles to the atrioventricular valves in the developing heart?
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What happens to the muscular tissue in the cords connected to the atrioventricular valves over time?
What happens to the muscular tissue in the cords connected to the atrioventricular valves over time?
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Which two major vessels are established from the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus?
Which two major vessels are established from the partitioning of the truncus arteriosus?
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What is the function of the coronary sinus in fetal circulation?
What is the function of the coronary sinus in fetal circulation?
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What anatomical feature marks the boundary between the smooth and rough parts of the right atrium?
What anatomical feature marks the boundary between the smooth and rough parts of the right atrium?
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During which week does the spiral aorticopulmonary septum begin to form?
During which week does the spiral aorticopulmonary septum begin to form?
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Which valves are formed in the left and right atrioventricular canals, respectively?
Which valves are formed in the left and right atrioventricular canals, respectively?
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What is a common result of the degeneration of muscular cords in the atrioventricular valves?
What is a common result of the degeneration of muscular cords in the atrioventricular valves?
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Which structures originate from the left and right pulmonary arteries as seen in fetal cardiac development?
Which structures originate from the left and right pulmonary arteries as seen in fetal cardiac development?
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Study Notes
Embryonic Development of the Cardiovascular System
- Embryonic development of the cardiovascular system is a crucial process.
- The embryo's nutritional and oxygen requirements are no longer met solely by diffusion.
- The cardiovascular system emerges first.
- Primordial heart and vascular system appear mid-week 3.
- The heart starts beating around days 22-23.
Lecture Outline
- Establishment of the cardiac lineage
- Establishment of laterality
- Brief anatomy of the heart
- Formation of the primary heart tube
- Formation of the pericardial cavity
- Embryonic origins of the adult heart
- Cardiac looping
- Circulation through the primordial heart
- Partitioning of the primordial heart
- Cardiac septation
- Valve development
- Formation of the conductive system of the heart
- Vascular development
- Circulation before and after birth
Establishment of the Cardiac Lineage
- The embryo's capacity to meet nutritional and oxygen needs through diffusion is limited.
- The cardiovascular system plays a fundamental role in the embryo.
- The cardiovascular system is the first significant system to function in the embryo.
- The primordial heart and vascular system commence forming around week 3.
- Heartbeat typically begins between days 22 and 23.
Establishment of Laterality
- Pathway is expressed in the lateral plate mesoderm on the left side.
- 5-HT: crucial factor for left-sidedness.
- PITX2: crucial factor for left-sidedness.
- Programs heart cells in the PHF and SHF.
- Disruption leads to laterality abnormalities (e.g., dextrocardia).
Brief Anatomy of the Heart
- A diagram of the heart with its various parts labeled is shown.
- The diagram displays the structure of the heart.
- Each part of the heart and its function is outlined in details.
Formation of the Primary Heart Tube
- Week 4: Embryonic folding, cranial and caudal folds, and lateral folds.
- Intraembryonic coelom/cavity
- Pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity
- Splanchnopleuric mesoderm
- Cardiogenic plate
- Angiogenic cell clusters
- Heart tube
- Two endocardial tubes merge.
- Each tube connects to a vitelline vein at the inferior end.
- Each tube connects to the ventral aorta at the superior end.
Embryonic Origins of the Adult Heart
- Bulbus cordis, outflow tracts.
- Bulboventricular sulcus
- Primitive ventricle
- Left ventricle
- Atrioventricular sulcus
- Right sinus horn
- Left sinus horn
- Sinus venosus.
- Sulcus: groove.
- Truncus arteriosus: arterial trunk dividing into aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Cardiac Looping
- Process causing the heart to fold on itself.
- Assuming its normal position in the thorax.
- Atria posteriorly, ventricles anteriorly.
- Cardiac tube begins to bend on day 23.
- Cardiac looping is completed by day 28.
Circulation through the Primordial Heart
- Blood enters the sinus venosus from the embryo, placenta, and umbilical vesicle.
- Blood flows through the common cardinal veins.
- Blood flows into the vitelline veins.
- The umbilical vesicle provides blood to fetus.
Partitioning of the Primordial Heart
- Septation (formation of septal structures).
- Partitioning of the atrioventricular canal.
- Partitioning of the atrium.
- Partitioning of the sinus venosus.
- Partitioning of the ventricles.
- Partitioning of the bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus.
- Valvulogenesis (formation of valves).
- Atrioventricular valves.
- Semilunar valves.
Formation of the Pericardial Cavity
- A primitive pericardial cavity (pericardial coelom) appears on each side of the heart tube.
- Mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue) surrounds the heart tube.
- The pleuropericardial membranes fuse.
- The two pericardial cavities merge to form a single pericardial cavity.
- Two pleural cavities are also formed.
Formation of the Conductive System of the Heart
- Network of nodes, specialized cells, and electrical signals regulates heartbeat.
- Conducting cells carry electrical signals.
- Muscle cells control heart contractions.
- Cardiac conduction system directs heartbeat initiation.
- Signal distribution throughout the heart regulates contractions and thus blood flow.
- Sinoatrial (SA) node creates excitation signal.
Vascular Development
- Blood vessel development (vasculogenesis and angiogenesis).
- Major vessels: Dorsal aorta, cardinal veins.
- Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF).
- Arterial system, including aortic arches, vitelline arteries, and umbilical arteries.
- Venous system, including vitelline veins, umbilical veins, and cardinal veins.
Fetal Circulation
- Blood from the placenta (80% oxygen) flows to the developing heart.
- Ductus venosus mixes returning blood from the portal system.
- Blood is shunted from the left atrium to right atrium in certain locations.
- Circulation modifications occur at birth to establish postnatal circulation.
Changes at Birth
- Cessation of placental blood flow reduces pressure in the right atrium.
- Increased blood flow to lungs begins respiration.
- Ductus arteriosus closes, forming the ligamentum arteriosum.
- Oval foramen closes.
- Umbilical arteries close.
- Umbilical vein and ductus venosus transform into ligaments.
Defects of Cardiovascular System
- Defects can arise in various stages of development
- Dextrocardia, DORV, Tetralogy of Fallot are examples where the circulatory system may not develop well.
- Other defects affecting valve development and the structures of the heart are shown as examples.
Bibliography
- Relevant bibliography for sources used is cited.
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