Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What are the 3 main steps involved in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by what process?

substrate-level phosphorylation

_____________ ATP molecules are used as activation energy in glycolysis.

2 ATP molecules

____________ ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration.

36 ATP molecules Signup and view all the answers

________________ is the initial substrate in the citric acid cycle.

Acetyl CoA Signup and view all the answers

________________ is the total number of ATP generated in cellular respiration per glucose molecule.

38 ATP Signup and view all the answers

_________________ is the end product of glycolysis.

pyruvate Signup and view all the answers

The alternative pathway to respiration is termed ________________________.

fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to ______________________.

mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in _______________________.

human muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make _________________.

NADH and FADH2 Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 phases in glycolysis?

energy investment phase, cleavage phase, and pay off phase Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for the reactions taking place in cellular respiration?

C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that make their own food are called:

autotrophs Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories of secondary metabolites?

phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides Signup and view all the answers

What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis?

Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O ------> C6H12O6 + 6O2 Signup and view all the answers

Cells use energy from ATP to carry out many activities like:

metabolism, growth, and reproduction Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert ________ and _ into high-energy and _______________.

carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen Signup and view all the answers

The main pigment in plants is _______________________.

chlorophyll Signup and view all the answers

The visible spectrum is of wavelengths of nmto___nm light that you can see.

400 nm to 700 nm Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the ___________________ color region well.

green Signup and view all the answers

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as __________________________________.

photosystems Signup and view all the answers

The reactions of photosynthesis occur in two parts: what are they?

light reactions and dark reactions Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

Temperature, amount of water available, carbon dioxide available, amount of sunlight available Signup and view all the answers

A key role of photosystem I is to make:

makes NADPH Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration can occur when the level of is high and __________ is low.

water is high and carbon dioxide is low Signup and view all the answers

Light is a form of ______________________ radiation that travels in waves and is composed of photons with discrete amounts of energy.

electromagnetic Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle can be divided into three phases?

carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP (the CO2 acceptor) Signup and view all the answers

Plants commonly found in hot and dry environments that carry out carbon fixation at night are called:

CAM plants Signup and view all the answers

During the first phase of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is incorporated into ribulose bisphosphate by the enzyme:

rubisco Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways occurs in the cytosol?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

To break down glucose to CO2 and H2O, which of the following metabolic pathways is not involved?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

What are the net products of glycolysis?

2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by which process?

substrate-level phosphorylation Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down:

food molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of:

2 ATP molecules Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:

muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

Certain drugs act as ionophores that cause the mitochondrial membrane to be highly permeable to H+. How would such drugs affect oxidative phosphorylation?

ATP synthesis would be inhibited Signup and view all the answers

The source of energy that directly drives the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation is:

the H+ gradient Signup and view all the answers

Compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, a key difference of anaerobic respiration in bacteria is:

something other than O2 acts as a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle becomes anaerobic during strenuous exercise, why is it necessary to convert pyruvate to lactate?

to decrease NADH and increase NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of:

repaying an oxygen debt Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT:

Alcoholic fermentation Signup and view all the answers

Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?

Photosynthesis Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to:

Mitochondria Signup and view all the answers

Plants cannot release energy from glucose using:

Glycolysis Signup and view all the answers

Secondary metabolites:

Do all of the above. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a secondary metabolite?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

The water necessary for photosynthesis:

Provides the electrons to replace lost electrons in photosystem II. Signup and view all the answers

The reaction center pigment differs from the other pigment molecules of the light-harvesting complex in that:

The reaction center pigment transfers excited electrons to the primary electron acceptor. Signup and view all the answers

Where is the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

In the thylakoid Signup and view all the answers

What high-energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?

Glucose Signup and view all the answers

Where is the chlorophyll located in a plant?

Thylakoid membrane Signup and view all the answers

Making glucose via photosynthesis costs how many ATPs and how many NADPHs?

18 ATPs and 12 NADPHs Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy content of a photon as the wavelength decreases?

Energy increases Signup and view all the answers

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 400-700nm is:

Visible light Signup and view all the answers

The cyclic electron flow that occurs via photosystem I produces:

ATP Signup and view all the answers

During the light reactions, the high-energy electron from P680*:

is pumped into the thylakoid space to drive ATP production Signup and view all the answers

The NADPH produced during the light reactions is necessary for:

the carbon fixation phase, which incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule of the Calvin cycle Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the antenna complex of a photosystem?

An electron is energized Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Rubisco?

Carbon fixation Signup and view all the answers

A particle of light is called a:

Photon Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthetic bacteria have chlorophyll embedded in their chloroplasts.

False Signup and view all the answers

90% of plants are C3 despite the effects of photorespiration. Why is this the case?

C4 and CAM are more energetically expensive Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a leaf lacked carotenoids?

Photosynthesis would not be as efficient Signup and view all the answers

The end product of photosynthesis is the starting material of cellular respiration.

True Signup and view all the answers

The majority of the G3P produced during the reduction and carbohydrate production phase is used to produce:

rubisco Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration:

is an inefficient way plants can produce organic molecules and in the process use O2 and release CO2 Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration is avoided in C4 plants because:

A and C only Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

Main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.
Glycolysis generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
Activation energy in glycolysis requires 2 ATP molecules.
36 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration, with a total potential of 38 ATP.
Acetyl CoA serves as the initial substrate in the citric acid cycle.
End product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
Anaerobic respiration leads to fermentation as an alternative pathway.
Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria, while photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
Lactic acid fermentation takes place in human muscle cells, particularly during strenuous activity.
NADH and FADH2 are generated during electron transport.

Photosynthesis

General equation for photosynthesis: Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
Main pigment responsible for capturing light in plants is chlorophyll.
Visible light spectrum ranges from 400 nm to 700 nm; green light is poorly absorbed by chlorophyll.
Photosystems are clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membrane, essential for photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis involves light reactions (capture of sunlight) and dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis include temperature, water availability, carbon dioxide concentration, and sunlight.
Key role of photosystem I is to produce NADPH during light reactions.

Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

The Calvin cycle comprises three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
Rubisco enzyme facilitates the incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate during the first phase.
CAM plants perform carbon fixation at night to adapt to arid conditions.

Energy and Metabolism

ATP is utilized for various cellular activities such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
The H+ gradient directly drives ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.
Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released in the thylakoid.

Secondary Metabolites

Secondary metabolites serve multiple functions, such as deterring herbivores, attracting pollinators, and providing competitive advantages.
Categories of secondary metabolites include phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides.

Exercise and Metabolism

Breathing heavily after intense exercise helps repay the oxygen debt incurred during anaerobic respiration.
During glycolysis, the net products include 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
Alcoholic fermentation does not provide energy during exercise.

Light and Photosynthesis

Light is an electromagnetic radiation composed of photons.
Cyclic electron flow through photosystem I leads to ATP production.
If a leaf lacked carotenoids, its photosynthesis efficiency would be reduced.
Majority of G3P produced can be used for the synthesis of rubisco.

Photorespiration

Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthetic plants and occurs under conditions of low CO2 and high O2.
C4 plants avoid photorespiration by spatially separating the formation of four-carbon molecules from the Calvin cycle, maintaining higher CO2 concentrations.

Conclusion

Understanding cellular respiration and photosynthesis is essential for studying energy conversion in biological systems, highlighting the interconnectedness of these processes through the cycling of molecules like glucose and oxygen.

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Untitled Quiz

Questions and Answers

What are the 3 main steps involved in cellular respiration?

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by what process?

_____________ ATP molecules are used as activation energy in glycolysis.

____________ ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration.

________________ is the initial substrate in the citric acid cycle.

________________ is the total number of ATP generated in cellular respiration per glucose molecule.

_________________ is the end product of glycolysis.

The alternative pathway to respiration is termed ________________________.

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to ______________________.

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in _______________________.

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make _________________.

What are the 3 phases in glycolysis?

What is the overall equation for the reactions taking place in cellular respiration?

Organisms that make their own food are called:

What are the four categories of secondary metabolites?

What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis?

Cells use energy from ATP to carry out many activities like:

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert ________________ and _________________ into high-energy __________________ and _________________________.

The main pigment in plants is _______________________.

The visible spectrum is of wavelengths of ______nm____to_________nm light that you can see.

Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the ___________________ color region well.

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as __________________________________.

The reactions of photosynthesis occur in two parts: what are they?

What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

A key role of photosystem I is to make:

Photorespiration can occur when the level of ______________ is high and ________________________ is low.

Light is a form of ______________________ radiation that travels in waves and is composed of photons with discrete amounts of energy.

The Calvin cycle can be divided into three phases?

Plants commonly found in hot and dry environments that carry out carbon fixation at night are called:

During the first phase of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is incorporated into ribulose bisphosphate by the enzyme:

Which of the following pathways occurs in the cytosol?

To break down glucose to CO2 and H2O, which of the following metabolic pathways is not involved?

What are the net products of glycolysis?

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by which process?

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down:

Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

Which process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of:

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:

Certain drugs act as ionophores that cause the mitochondrial membrane to be highly permeable to H+. How would such drugs affect oxidative phosphorylation?

The source of energy that directly drives the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation is:

Compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, a key difference of anaerobic respiration in bacteria is:

When a muscle becomes anaerobic during strenuous exercise, why is it necessary to convert pyruvate to lactate?

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of:

All of the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT:

Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to:

Plants cannot release energy from glucose using:

Secondary metabolites:

Which of the following is an example of a secondary metabolite?

The water necessary for photosynthesis:

The reaction center pigment differs from the other pigment molecules of the light-harvesting complex in that:

Where is the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

What high-energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?

Where is the chlorophyll located in a plant?

Making glucose via photosynthesis costs how many ATPs and how many NADPHs?

What happens to the energy content of a photon as the wavelength decreases?

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 400-700nm is:

The cyclic electron flow that occurs via photosystem I produces:

During the light reactions, the high-energy electron from P680*:

The NADPH produced during the light reactions is necessary for:

What happens at the antenna complex of a photosystem?

What is the function of Rubisco?

A particle of light is called a:

Photosynthetic bacteria have chlorophyll embedded in their chloroplasts.

90% of plants are C3 despite the effects of photorespiration. Why is this the case?

What would happen if a leaf lacked carotenoids?

The end product of photosynthesis is the starting material of cellular respiration.

The majority of the G3P produced during the reduction and carbohydrate production phase is used to produce:

Photorespiration:

Photorespiration is avoided in C4 plants because:

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

Photosynthesis

Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

Energy and Metabolism

Secondary Metabolites

Exercise and Metabolism

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert ________ and _ into high-energy and _______________.

The visible spectrum is of wavelengths of nmto___nm light that you can see.

Photorespiration can occur when the level of is high and __________ is low.