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Questions and Answers

What are the 3 main steps involved in cellular respiration?

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by what process?

substrate-level phosphorylation

_____________ ATP molecules are used as activation energy in glycolysis.

2 ATP molecules

____________ ATP are produced from one molecule of glucose in cellular respiration.

<p>36 ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

________________ is the initial substrate in the citric acid cycle.

<p>Acetyl CoA</p> Signup and view all the answers

________________ is the total number of ATP generated in cellular respiration per glucose molecule.

<p>38 ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

_________________ is the end product of glycolysis.

<p>pyruvate</p> Signup and view all the answers

The alternative pathway to respiration is termed ________________________.

<p>fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to ______________________.

<p>mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in _______________________.

<p>human muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

The energy of the electrons passing along the electron transport chain is used to make _________________.

<p>NADH and FADH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the 3 phases in glycolysis?

<p>energy investment phase, cleavage phase, and pay off phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the overall equation for the reactions taking place in cellular respiration?

<p>C6H12O6 + O2 → CO2 + H2O + Energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Organisms that make their own food are called:

<p>autotrophs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the four categories of secondary metabolites?

<p>phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the general chemical equation of photosynthesis?

<p>Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O ------&gt; C6H12O6 + 6O2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cells use energy from ATP to carry out many activities like:

<p>metabolism, growth, and reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis uses the energy of sunlight to convert ________________ and _________________ into high-energy __________________ and _________________________.

<p>carbon dioxide and water to carbohydrates and oxygen</p> Signup and view all the answers

The main pigment in plants is _______________________.

<p>chlorophyll</p> Signup and view all the answers

The visible spectrum is of wavelengths of ______nm____to_________nm light that you can see.

<p>400 nm to 700 nm</p> Signup and view all the answers

Chlorophyll does not absorb light in the ___________________ color region well.

<p>green</p> Signup and view all the answers

Proteins in the thylakoid membrane organize chlorophyll and other pigments into clusters known as __________________________________.

<p>photosystems</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reactions of photosynthesis occur in two parts: what are they?

<p>light reactions and dark reactions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis?

<p>Temperature, amount of water available, carbon dioxide available, amount of sunlight available</p> Signup and view all the answers

A key role of photosystem I is to make:

<p>makes NADPH</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration can occur when the level of ______________ is high and ________________________ is low.

<p>water is high and carbon dioxide is low</p> Signup and view all the answers

Light is a form of ______________________ radiation that travels in waves and is composed of photons with discrete amounts of energy.

<p>electromagnetic</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Calvin cycle can be divided into three phases?

<p>carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP (the CO2 acceptor)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants commonly found in hot and dry environments that carry out carbon fixation at night are called:

<p>CAM plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the first phase of the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is incorporated into ribulose bisphosphate by the enzyme:

<p>rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pathways occurs in the cytosol?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

To break down glucose to CO2 and H2O, which of the following metabolic pathways is not involved?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the net products of glycolysis?

<p>2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH</p> Signup and view all the answers

During glycolysis, ATP is produced by which process?

<p>substrate-level phosphorylation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Cellular respiration releases energy by breaking down:

<p>food molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a product of cellular respiration?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell?

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Glycolysis provides a cell with a net gain of:

<p>2 ATP molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

Lactic acid fermentation occurs in:

<p>muscle cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

Certain drugs act as ionophores that cause the mitochondrial membrane to be highly permeable to H+. How would such drugs affect oxidative phosphorylation?

<p>ATP synthesis would be inhibited</p> Signup and view all the answers

The source of energy that directly drives the synthesis of ATP during oxidative phosphorylation is:

<p>the H+ gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

Compared to oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria, a key difference of anaerobic respiration in bacteria is:

<p>something other than O2 acts as a final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain</p> Signup and view all the answers

When a muscle becomes anaerobic during strenuous exercise, why is it necessary to convert pyruvate to lactate?

<p>to decrease NADH and increase NAD+</p> Signup and view all the answers

Breathing heavily after running a race is your body's way of:

<p>repaying an oxygen debt</p> Signup and view all the answers

All of the following are sources of energy during exercise EXCEPT:

<p>Alcoholic fermentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process does NOT release energy from glucose?

<p>Photosynthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthesis is to chloroplasts as cellular respiration is to:

<p>Mitochondria</p> Signup and view all the answers

Plants cannot release energy from glucose using:

<p>Glycolysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

Secondary metabolites:

<p>Do all of the above.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a secondary metabolite?

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

The water necessary for photosynthesis:

<p>Provides the electrons to replace lost electrons in photosystem II.</p> Signup and view all the answers

The reaction center pigment differs from the other pigment molecules of the light-harvesting complex in that:

<p>The reaction center pigment transfers excited electrons to the primary electron acceptor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the oxygen produced during photosynthesis?

<p>In the thylakoid</p> Signup and view all the answers

What high-energy molecule is the final product of photosynthesis?

<p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

Where is the chlorophyll located in a plant?

<p>Thylakoid membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

Making glucose via photosynthesis costs how many ATPs and how many NADPHs?

<p>18 ATPs and 12 NADPHs</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the energy content of a photon as the wavelength decreases?

<p>Energy increases</p> Signup and view all the answers

Electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 400-700nm is:

<p>Visible light</p> Signup and view all the answers

The cyclic electron flow that occurs via photosystem I produces:

<p>ATP</p> Signup and view all the answers

During the light reactions, the high-energy electron from P680*:

<p>is pumped into the thylakoid space to drive ATP production</p> Signup and view all the answers

The NADPH produced during the light reactions is necessary for:

<p>the carbon fixation phase, which incorporates carbon dioxide into an organic molecule of the Calvin cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens at the antenna complex of a photosystem?

<p>An electron is energized</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of Rubisco?

<p>Carbon fixation</p> Signup and view all the answers

A particle of light is called a:

<p>Photon</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photosynthetic bacteria have chlorophyll embedded in their chloroplasts.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

90% of plants are C3 despite the effects of photorespiration. Why is this the case?

<p>C4 and CAM are more energetically expensive</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would happen if a leaf lacked carotenoids?

<p>Photosynthesis would not be as efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

The end product of photosynthesis is the starting material of cellular respiration.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

The majority of the G3P produced during the reduction and carbohydrate production phase is used to produce:

<p>rubisco</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration:

<p>is an inefficient way plants can produce organic molecules and in the process use O2 and release CO2</p> Signup and view all the answers

Photorespiration is avoided in C4 plants because:

<p>A and C only</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Cellular Respiration

  • Main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Glycolysis generates ATP through substrate-level phosphorylation.
  • Activation energy in glycolysis requires 2 ATP molecules.
  • 36 ATP molecules are produced from one glucose molecule during cellular respiration, with a total potential of 38 ATP.
  • Acetyl CoA serves as the initial substrate in the citric acid cycle.
  • End product of glycolysis is pyruvate.
  • Anaerobic respiration leads to fermentation as an alternative pathway.
  • Cellular respiration occurs in mitochondria, while photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts.
  • Lactic acid fermentation takes place in human muscle cells, particularly during strenuous activity.
  • NADH and FADH2 are generated during electron transport.

Photosynthesis

  • General equation for photosynthesis: Light + 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
  • Main pigment responsible for capturing light in plants is chlorophyll.
  • Visible light spectrum ranges from 400 nm to 700 nm; green light is poorly absorbed by chlorophyll.
  • Photosystems are clusters of chlorophyll and other pigments in the thylakoid membrane, essential for photosynthesis.
  • Photosynthesis involves light reactions (capture of sunlight) and dark reactions (Calvin cycle).
  • Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis include temperature, water availability, carbon dioxide concentration, and sunlight.
  • Key role of photosystem I is to produce NADPH during light reactions.

Calvin Cycle and Carbon Fixation

  • The Calvin cycle comprises three phases: carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration of RuBP.
  • Rubisco enzyme facilitates the incorporation of CO2 into ribulose bisphosphate during the first phase.
  • CAM plants perform carbon fixation at night to adapt to arid conditions.

Energy and Metabolism

  • ATP is utilized for various cellular activities such as metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
  • The H+ gradient directly drives ATP synthesis during oxidative phosphorylation.
  • Oxygen produced during photosynthesis is released in the thylakoid.

Secondary Metabolites

  • Secondary metabolites serve multiple functions, such as deterring herbivores, attracting pollinators, and providing competitive advantages.
  • Categories of secondary metabolites include phenolics, alkaloids, terpenes, and glycosides.

Exercise and Metabolism

  • Breathing heavily after intense exercise helps repay the oxygen debt incurred during anaerobic respiration.
  • During glycolysis, the net products include 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH.
  • Alcoholic fermentation does not provide energy during exercise.

Light and Photosynthesis

  • Light is an electromagnetic radiation composed of photons.
  • Cyclic electron flow through photosystem I leads to ATP production.
  • If a leaf lacked carotenoids, its photosynthesis efficiency would be reduced.
  • Majority of G3P produced can be used for the synthesis of rubisco.

Photorespiration

  • Photorespiration lowers the efficiency of photosynthetic plants and occurs under conditions of low CO2 and high O2.
  • C4 plants avoid photorespiration by spatially separating the formation of four-carbon molecules from the Calvin cycle, maintaining higher CO2 concentrations.

Conclusion

  • Understanding cellular respiration and photosynthesis is essential for studying energy conversion in biological systems, highlighting the interconnectedness of these processes through the cycling of molecules like glucose and oxygen.

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