Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which type of road primarily facilitates city-wide mobility and connects long-distance destinations?
Which type of road primarily facilitates city-wide mobility and connects long-distance destinations?
What should be considered when selecting the design speed for road sections?
What should be considered when selecting the design speed for road sections?
What is the primary focus of NMT Streets and Greenways?
What is the primary focus of NMT Streets and Greenways?
What is likely a disadvantage of strictly adhering to IRC 86-1983 in road design?
What is likely a disadvantage of strictly adhering to IRC 86-1983 in road design?
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What is a primary characteristic of Collector Streets?
What is a primary characteristic of Collector Streets?
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What design consideration is essential for ensuring pedestrian safety at crossings?
What design consideration is essential for ensuring pedestrian safety at crossings?
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Which factor is least likely to influence the space standards in urban road design?
Which factor is least likely to influence the space standards in urban road design?
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What should urban road designs incorporate to cater for emergency situations?
What should urban road designs incorporate to cater for emergency situations?
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What is the recommended minimum lane width for access roads to residential areas?
What is the recommended minimum lane width for access roads to residential areas?
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What percentage of average daily traffic should peak hour flows represent for expressways and arterials?
What percentage of average daily traffic should peak hour flows represent for expressways and arterials?
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What is the minimum width required for an urban road without a kerb, including allowances for pedestrian movement?
What is the minimum width required for an urban road without a kerb, including allowances for pedestrian movement?
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What should be the relationship between the spacing of light poles and their height?
What should be the relationship between the spacing of light poles and their height?
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What is the minimum lateral clearance required from the edge of pavement on an arterial road?
What is the minimum lateral clearance required from the edge of pavement on an arterial road?
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What is a key consideration for pedestrian crossings near areas with higher risk of crimes against women?
What is a key consideration for pedestrian crossings near areas with higher risk of crimes against women?
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What should be the maximum height of light poles to minimize undesirable illumination of private properties?
What should be the maximum height of light poles to minimize undesirable illumination of private properties?
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What design factor is primarily used to adjust the capacity of urban roads in mixed traffic conditions?
What design factor is primarily used to adjust the capacity of urban roads in mixed traffic conditions?
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What is the minimum width required for the pedestrian zone on a footpath?
What is the minimum width required for the pedestrian zone on a footpath?
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What is the function of the frontage zone or dead zone on a footpath?
What is the function of the frontage zone or dead zone on a footpath?
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What should be avoided in the Walking Zone of a footpath?
What should be avoided in the Walking Zone of a footpath?
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What is the maximum height of a median kerb?
What is the maximum height of a median kerb?
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What is the recommended minimum width of a median?
What is the recommended minimum width of a median?
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Which of the following describes the multi-functional zone on a footpath?
Which of the following describes the multi-functional zone on a footpath?
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In urban design, what is the primary purpose of mid-block pedestrian crossings?
In urban design, what is the primary purpose of mid-block pedestrian crossings?
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What factors should be considered when designing road width?
What factors should be considered when designing road width?
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Study Notes
Walking Zone
- Minimum 1.8m x 2.2m width and height, no obstructions should be placed within this area.
Footpath
- Consists of a frontage zone, pedestrian zone, and a multi-functional zone.
- Footpaths should be at least 1.8m wide and 2.2m high.
- The height of a footpath should not exceed 150mm above the carriageway.
Frontage Zone
- Dead space in front of active commercial frontage.
- This space allows for passive slow speed window shoppers, preventing them from interfering with regular pedestrian movement and maximizing walking space.
Pedestrian Zone
- An uninterrupted walking zone.
Multi-Functional Zone
- Between the pedestrian zone and the carriageway.
- Also referred to as the Planting Zone or Street Furniture Zone.
- Minimum width of 1-2 m, depending on the hierarchy of the urban road.
Medians
- The divider between two-way traffic lanes.
- The maximum height of a median kerb is 150mm.
- The minimum width of a median should be 1.2m.
- Landcaped medians can be used for storm-water filtration and management.
Pedestrian Crossings
- Raised crosswalks or painted zebra crossings.
- Mid-block pedestrian crossings can be located 50-200m apart.
- The placement is guided by the typology of the urban road.
Road Width
- Should accommodate design traffic volume.
- Consider past traffic counts and future urban development.
- Estimating future traffic volumes can be based on historical trends and transportation studies.
Geometric Design Standards for Urban Roads in Plains
- The Indian Road Congress (IRC) 86-2018 provides a standard for designing urban roads in plains.
- Adhering to IRC standards ensures road durability and sustainability in urban areas.
- Designing solely on IRC standards might not account for specific local conditions or requirements.
- Updating standards and adapting to new innovations can be challenging within the framework of IRC 86-1983.
Classification of Urban Roads and Streets
- Urban Expressways: Connect inter-city areas and facilitate high-speed travel.
- Arterial Roads: Facilitate city-wide mobility and connect long-distance destinations.
- Sub-arterial Roads: Connect neighborhoods with slightly lower mobility than arterial roads.
- Collector Streets: Collect and distribute traffic from local streets.
- Local Streets: Low-speed streets supporting local access.
- NMT Streets and Greenways: Designed exclusively for non-motorized traffic, such as bicycles and pedestrians, with universal accessibility, parking for bicycles and ensuring emergency vehicle access.
Design Speed
- Design speed should consider topography, expected operating speed, nearby land use, and the functional classification of the road.
Space Standards
- Recommended space standards for different urban road categories are outlined in tables.
- The term "space standard" is often referred to as "right-of-way."
Design Period
- For expressways and arterials, a design period of 15-20 years is recommended. Peak hour flows should be 8-10% of average daily traffic.
Passenger Car Unit (PCU)
- The capacity of urban roads is expressed as the Passenger Car Unit (PCU).
- Each vehicle type is converted to a PCU based on its size and speed.
- PCU values vary depending on traffic, roadway, and environmental conditions.
Carriageway Width
- Access roads to residential areas can have a lower lane width of 3m.
- On urban roads without kerbs, minimum width should be 5.5m, including allowance for a stalled vehicle and pedestrian movement.
Street Lighting
- The spacing between two light poles should be about three times the height of the pole.
- Poles should not exceed 12m to avoid excessive illumination of private properties.
- Additional lighting should be provided at black spots, high-risk locations, and areas with potential risks to women, areas of personal crime, and areas of isolation.
- Generally, a single row of light posts suffices for streets up to 12m wide.
- On wider streets, dual lights can be mounted on a single central pole.
Lateral and Vertical Clearances
- Lateral clearance from the edge of pavement:
- Pavement without footpath:
- Arterial and sub-arterial road: 1.0m minimum clearance
- Collector and local streets: 0.5m minimum clearance
- Divided carriageway:
- Left side clearance should be similar to the above guidelines.
- Right side clearance to the face of any structure in the central median:
- Arterial and sub-arterial roads: 1m from the edge of the pavement.
- Pavement without footpath:
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