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Questions and Answers

Which type of road primarily facilitates city-wide mobility and connects long-distance destinations?

  • Urban Expressways
  • Collector Streets
  • Local Streets
  • Arterial Roads (correct)
  • What should be considered when selecting the design speed for road sections?

  • Topography and expected operating speed (correct)
  • General public opinion on speed limits
  • Historical traffic patterns
  • Time of day traffic volume
  • What is the primary focus of NMT Streets and Greenways?

  • Directing traffic to arterial roads
  • Bicycle parking and pedestrian paths (correct)
  • High-speed access for vehicles
  • Road construction efficiency
  • What is likely a disadvantage of strictly adhering to IRC 86-1983 in road design?

    <p>Higher initial construction costs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary characteristic of Collector Streets?

    <p>Distributes traffic from local streets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What design consideration is essential for ensuring pedestrian safety at crossings?

    <p>Unobstructed visibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to influence the space standards in urban road design?

    <p>Overall aesthetic appearance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should urban road designs incorporate to cater for emergency situations?

    <p>Designated emergency vehicle access</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum lane width for access roads to residential areas?

    <p>3 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of average daily traffic should peak hour flows represent for expressways and arterials?

    <p>8-10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum width required for an urban road without a kerb, including allowances for pedestrian movement?

    <p>5.5 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the relationship between the spacing of light poles and their height?

    <p>Three times the height of the pole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum lateral clearance required from the edge of pavement on an arterial road?

    <p>1.0 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key consideration for pedestrian crossings near areas with higher risk of crimes against women?

    <p>Additional lighting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be the maximum height of light poles to minimize undesirable illumination of private properties?

    <p>12 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What design factor is primarily used to adjust the capacity of urban roads in mixed traffic conditions?

    <p>Passenger Car Unit (PCU)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the minimum width required for the pedestrian zone on a footpath?

    <p>1.8 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the frontage zone or dead zone on a footpath?

    <p>To provide a clear space for window shoppers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be avoided in the Walking Zone of a footpath?

    <p>Utility ducts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the maximum height of a median kerb?

    <p>150 mm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended minimum width of a median?

    <p>1.2 m</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the multi-functional zone on a footpath?

    <p>It can include street furniture and planting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In urban design, what is the primary purpose of mid-block pedestrian crossings?

    <p>To ensure safe passage across busy streets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factors should be considered when designing road width?

    <p>Past traffic counts and future urban development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Walking Zone

    • Minimum 1.8m x 2.2m width and height, no obstructions should be placed within this area.

    Footpath

    • Consists of a frontage zone, pedestrian zone, and a multi-functional zone.
    • Footpaths should be at least 1.8m wide and 2.2m high.
    • The height of a footpath should not exceed 150mm above the carriageway.

    Frontage Zone

    • Dead space in front of active commercial frontage.
    • This space allows for passive slow speed window shoppers, preventing them from interfering with regular pedestrian movement and maximizing walking space.

    Pedestrian Zone

    • An uninterrupted walking zone.

    Multi-Functional Zone

    • Between the pedestrian zone and the carriageway.
    • Also referred to as the Planting Zone or Street Furniture Zone.
    • Minimum width of 1-2 m, depending on the hierarchy of the urban road.

    Medians

    • The divider between two-way traffic lanes.
    • The maximum height of a median kerb is 150mm.
    • The minimum width of a median should be 1.2m.
    • Landcaped medians can be used for storm-water filtration and management.

    Pedestrian Crossings

    • Raised crosswalks or painted zebra crossings.
    • Mid-block pedestrian crossings can be located 50-200m apart.
    • The placement is guided by the typology of the urban road.

    Road Width

    • Should accommodate design traffic volume.
    • Consider past traffic counts and future urban development.
    • Estimating future traffic volumes can be based on historical trends and transportation studies.

    Geometric Design Standards for Urban Roads in Plains

    • The Indian Road Congress (IRC) 86-2018 provides a standard for designing urban roads in plains.
    • Adhering to IRC standards ensures road durability and sustainability in urban areas.
    • Designing solely on IRC standards might not account for specific local conditions or requirements.
    • Updating standards and adapting to new innovations can be challenging within the framework of IRC 86-1983.

    Classification of Urban Roads and Streets

    • Urban Expressways: Connect inter-city areas and facilitate high-speed travel.
    • Arterial Roads: Facilitate city-wide mobility and connect long-distance destinations.
    • Sub-arterial Roads: Connect neighborhoods with slightly lower mobility than arterial roads.
    • Collector Streets: Collect and distribute traffic from local streets.
    • Local Streets: Low-speed streets supporting local access.
    • NMT Streets and Greenways: Designed exclusively for non-motorized traffic, such as bicycles and pedestrians, with universal accessibility, parking for bicycles and ensuring emergency vehicle access.

    Design Speed

    • Design speed should consider topography, expected operating speed, nearby land use, and the functional classification of the road.

    Space Standards

    • Recommended space standards for different urban road categories are outlined in tables.
    • The term "space standard" is often referred to as "right-of-way."

    Design Period

    • For expressways and arterials, a design period of 15-20 years is recommended. Peak hour flows should be 8-10% of average daily traffic.

    Passenger Car Unit (PCU)

    • The capacity of urban roads is expressed as the Passenger Car Unit (PCU).
    • Each vehicle type is converted to a PCU based on its size and speed.
    • PCU values vary depending on traffic, roadway, and environmental conditions.

    Carriageway Width

    • Access roads to residential areas can have a lower lane width of 3m.
    • On urban roads without kerbs, minimum width should be 5.5m, including allowance for a stalled vehicle and pedestrian movement.

    Street Lighting

    • The spacing between two light poles should be about three times the height of the pole.
    • Poles should not exceed 12m to avoid excessive illumination of private properties.
    • Additional lighting should be provided at black spots, high-risk locations, and areas with potential risks to women, areas of personal crime, and areas of isolation.
    • Generally, a single row of light posts suffices for streets up to 12m wide.
    • On wider streets, dual lights can be mounted on a single central pole.

    Lateral and Vertical Clearances

    • Lateral clearance from the edge of pavement:
      • Pavement without footpath:
        • Arterial and sub-arterial road: 1.0m minimum clearance
        • Collector and local streets: 0.5m minimum clearance
      • Divided carriageway:
        • Left side clearance should be similar to the above guidelines.
        • Right side clearance to the face of any structure in the central median:
          • Arterial and sub-arterial roads: 1m from the edge of the pavement.

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