Lymphatic System Quiz
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What percentage of fluid that filters from blood capillaries into tissue spaces is NOT reabsorbed by the blood capillaries and enters the lymphatic system?

  • 10%
  • 5%
  • 15% (correct)
  • 20%

    • Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the lymphatic system?

  • Immune response activation against foreign matter
  • Absorption of dietary lipids in the small intestine
  • Fluid recovery from tissue spaces
  • Facilitating oxygen transport to tissues (correct)

    • The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from which of the following regions?

  • Left arm and neck
  • Left side of the head and thorax
  • Lower body below the diaphragm
  • Right arm and right side of the head (correct)

    • Which characteristic is NOT true regarding lymph?

    <p>Its chemical composition is consistent throughout the body. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphatic capillaries are typically absent from which of the following tissues?

    <p>Bone marrow (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The valve-like flaps of lymphatic capillaries are created by which of the following?

    <p>Overlapping endothelial cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of a larger lymphatic vessel contains elastic fibers and smooth muscle?

    <p>Tunica media (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thoracic duct originates from which structure in the abdomen?

    <p>Cisterna chyli (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which of the following ways does lymph flow differ from venous blood flow?

    <p>Lymph flows at a slower speed. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Besides rhythmic contraction of lymphatic vessels, which mechanism also helps move lymph through the lymphatic system?

    <p>Skeletal muscle pump (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does exercise have on lymphatic return?

    <p>It significantly increases lymphatic return. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms prevents the backflow of lymph in lymphatic vessels?

    <p>Valves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What force primarily draws lymph into subclavian veins?

    <p>Rapidly flowing blood in subclavian veins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of anchoring filaments in lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>To tether cells to the surrounding tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the lymphatic system contribute to maintaining fluid balance in the body?

    <p>By reabsorbing excess fluid from the interstitial spaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the primary function of lectins in the complement pathway?

    <p>Binding to specific carbohydrates on microbial surfaces to initiate complement activation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does C3a contribute to inflammation as part of the complement system's function?

    <p>Stimulating mast cells and basophils to release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main mechanism by which the complement system facilitates immune clearance?

    <p>Using C3b to bind antigen-antibody complexes to red blood cells for removal by the liver and spleen. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the process of opsonization by C3b?

    <p>It coats microbial cells, providing binding sites for phagocytes to enhance attachment and engulfment. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of C5b in the terminal stages of the complement cascade?

    <p>It initiates the formation of the membrane attack complex (MAC) by binding to the target cell and recruiting other complement proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do perforins secreted by natural killer (NK) cells contribute to the destruction of target cells?

    <p>They polymerize to form pores in the target cell's plasma membrane, disrupting its integrity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of granzymes released by natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>To degrade cellular enzymes and induce apoptosis in target cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fever contribute to the body's defense against pathogens?

    <p>By promoting interferon activity, accelerating tissue repair, and inhibiting pathogen reproduction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which antipyretic medications like aspirin and ibuprofen reduce fever?

    <p>By inhibiting the synthesis of prostaglandin E2, which raises the hypothalamic set point. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an exogenous pyrogen that can trigger a fever?

    <p>Glycolipids on bacterial and viral surfaces. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a primary function of the spleen?

    <p>Regulation of T cell maturation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) in the immune response?

    <p>Displaying antigenic fragments to T cells to activate the immune system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)?

    <p>Scattered lymphocytes in body passages open to the exterior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the blood-thymus barrier?

    <p>To seal off the cortex from the medulla, preventing exposure of developing T lymphocytes to antigens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following mechanisms is NOT employed by complement system to destroy pathogens?

    <p>Interferon production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer (NK) cells?

    <p>Attacking and destroying virus-infected or cancerous host cells (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which substance secreted by basophils inhibits clot formation, promoting leukocyte mobility?

    <p>Heparin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the tonsillar crypts found in tonsils?

    <p>To trap pathogens and increase contact with lymphatic tissue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a fixed macrophage?

    <p>Microglia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is lymphadenitis?

    <p>Swollen, painful node responding to foreign antigen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the complement system, what is the role of the classical pathway?

    <p>It requires an antibody molecule and is part of adaptive immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of interferon secretion?

    <p>To alert neighboring cells and protect them from viral infection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is part of the 'first line of defense' against pathogens?

    <p>Skin and mucous membranes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most accurate description of the red pulp in the spleen?

    <p>Sinuses filled with erythrocytes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The degeneration of what lymphatic organ is referred to as involution?

    <p>Thymus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Bacterial Cells in Body

    The body has 10 times more bacterial cells than human cells, with some being beneficial.

    Immune System

    Not an organ system but a population of cells that defends the body from diseases.

    Lymphatic System

    A network of organs and vessels that recovers fluid and activates immune responses.

    Fluid Recovery

    Lymphatic system returns 15% of fluid filtered from blood back to bloodstream.

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    Lymph Nodes

    Structures that filter lymph and activate immune responses by guarding against foreign matter.

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    Dietary Lipids

    Lacteals in the small intestine absorb dietary lipids not absorbed by blood capillaries.

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    Lymph

    Clear, colorless fluid similar to plasma, with less protein and variable composition.

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    Lymphatic Capillaries

    Small vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue, allowing bacteria and cells to enter.

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    Valves in Lymphatics

    Endothelial cells in lymphatic capillaries create valve-like flaps to control flow.

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    Lymphatic Vessels

    Transport lymph and are composed of three layers, converging into larger vessels.

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    Right Lymphatic Duct

    Receives lymph from right arm and upper body, empties into right subclavian vein.

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    Thoracic Duct

    Larger duct starting in the abdomen, receiving lymph from below diaphragm and left side.

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    Flow of Lymph

    Lymph flows slowly at low pressure, aided by contractions of vessels and muscle movement.

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    Lymphatic Return and Exercise

    Exercise significantly increases the return of lymph to the bloodstream.

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    Skeletal Muscle Pump

    Aids lymph flow by rhythmic contraction, squeezing lymph vessels.

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    Neutrophils

    Antibacterial cells that kill bacteria via phagocytosis and degranulation.

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    Natural Killer (NK) Cells

    Large lymphocytes attacking bacteria, infected host cells, and cancer.

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    T Lymphocytes (T cells)

    Mature in thymus; crucial for adaptive immune response against pathogens.

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    B Lymphocytes (B cells)

    Produce antibodies; activate and differentiate into plasma cells.

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    Macrophages

    Large cells that phagocytize debris and pathogens; act as antigen-presenting cells.

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    Dendritic Cells

    Mobile antigen-presenting cells; alert immune system to pathogens.

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    Lymphatic Tissue

    Aggregations of lymphocytes in connective tissues of various organs.

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    Tonsils

    Patches of lymphatic tissue that guard against pathogens entering through the mouth and nose.

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    Spleen

    Largest lymphatic organ; involved in blood filtration and monitoring for pathogens.

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    Innate Immunity

    Immediate defense mechanisms against pathogens; no memory.

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    Adaptive Immunity

    Targets specific pathogens; develops memory for faster response upon re-exposure.

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    Interferons

    Proteins secreted by infected cells to alert neighbors of viral infection.

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    Complement System

    Group of proteins aiding both innate and adaptive immunity, activated by pathogens.

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    Phagocytosis

    Process by which cells such as macrophages engulf and digest pathogens.

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    Lectins

    Plasma proteins that bind to carbohydrates on microbial cell surfaces.

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    C3a

    A complement protein that stimulates inflammation by activating mast cells and attracting neutrophils.

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    Immune Clearance

    Process where C3b binds Ag-Ab complexes to RBCs for elimination by macrophages in the liver and spleen.

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    Opsonization

    The process by which C3b coats microbial cells, enhancing phagocytosis.

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    Cytolysis

    Destruction of enemy cells by forming holes in their membranes via C5b and the membrane attack complex.

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    Natural Killer Cells

    Immune cells that identify and destroy infected or cancerous cells using perforins and granzymes.

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    Fever

    An abnormal elevation of body temperature as a defense mechanism against infections.

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    Antipyretics

    Medications that reduce fever by inhibiting prostaglandin E2 synthesis.

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    Exogenous Pyrogens

    External agents like glycolipids on pathogens that trigger fever.

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    Stages of Fever

    The progression of a fever including onset, stadium, and defervescence.

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    Study Notes

    Immune System Part I

    • The human body contains far more bacterial cells than human cells.
    • Some bacteria are beneficial, others are potentially disease-causing.
    • The immune system is a cell population found throughout the body, defending against disease agents.
    • A key part of the immune system is the lymphatic system, a network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid from the tissues.
    • This fluid is inspected for disease agents, and immune responses are activated.
    • The fluid is then returned to the blood.

    History of Immunology

    • A historical timeline of immunology study is presented in images (portraits of scientists).

    Introduction

    • Sleep deprivation can significantly reduce immune function.
    • The immune system is not just an organ; it's a network of cells.
    • White blood cells (around 50 billion) are crucial to maintaining a body's natural defenses.
    • Blood donation does not significantly deplete white blood cells, which are replaceable.
    • Suppressed immune system function can result from excessive sun exposure, too much sunshine can be harmful to the system.
    • Reducing stress helps to enhance immune function.

    The Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system continuously filters fluid from blood capillaries into tissue spaces.

    • Approximately 15% (2-4 liters daily) of this fluid enters the lymphatic system.

    • These filters regain lost water and plasma proteins returning them to the blood.

    • Excess filtered fluid carries foreign cells and chemicals from tissues.

    • Lymph nodes filter lymph and contain immune cells to protect against foreign material.

    • This process activates a protective immune response, and lipids are absorbed.

    • The lymphatic vessels transport lymph.

    • Lymphatic tissues consist of lymphocytes and macrophages, which populate various body organs.

    • Lymphatic organs contain concentrated defense cells, separated by connective tissue capsules.

    • Lymph is similar to plasma but contains less protein.

    • Lymph formation comes from extracellular fluid entering lymphatic capillaries which are present in nearly all tissues.

    • The wall of lymphatic capillaries is made of endothelial cells that are overlapped like shingles, closed at one end, and tethered to surrounding tissue.

    • Gaps between cells allow bacteria and cells to enter lymphatic capillaries.

    • Endothelial cells create valve-like flaps that open under high interstitial pressure and close when low pressure occurs.

    Lymphatic Capillaries

    • Lymphatic capillaries branch throughout the body almost everywhere, except cartilage, cornea, bone, and bone marrow.
    • Capillary walls have overlapping endothelial cells.
    • Cells are attached by anchoring filaments.
    • Gaps between cells allow foreign particles and cells to enter lymphatic capillaries.

    Lymphatic Vessels

    • Larger lymphatic vessels consist of three layers: tunica interna, tunica media, and tunica externa.
    • Tunica interna has endothelium and valves.
    • Tunica media has elastic fibers and smooth muscle.
    • Tunica externa is a thin outer layer.
    • Collecting vessels travel through many lymph nodes, becoming larger and larger within the lymphatic system.

    Two Collecting Ducts

    • The right lymphatic duct receives lymph from the right arm, head, and thorax, emptying into the right subclavian vein.
    • The larger thoracic duct gathers lymph from the lower body, left arm, head, and thorax, and drains into the left subclavian vein. This structure begins as a sac called the cisterna chyli.
    • The subclavian veins collect lymph from the thoracic duct.

    Fluid Exchange

    • Lymphatic system and cardiovascular system exchange fluids.

    Lymphatic Cells

    • Neutrophils are antibacterial cells.
    • Natural killer (NK) cells attack and destroy infected host cells and foreign cells.
    • T lymphocytes mature in the thymus.
    • B lymphocytes produce antibodies when activated. -
    • Macrophages phagocytize debris and other foreign material. They act as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to alert the immune system to pathogens.

    Dendritic Cells

    • Branch-like, mobile antigen-presenting cells (APCs) are found in epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs.

    Reticular Cells

    • Stationary cells form the stroma of lymphatic organs.

    Lymphatic Tissues

    • Lymphatic tissues are aggregations of lymphocytes.
    • Lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendices have this tissue.
    • Lymphatic tissue is located in mucous membranes and organs.
    • Diffuse lymphatic tissue is the simplest form of lymphatic tissue with lymphocytes scattered.

    Lymphatic Nodules

    • Dense collections of lymphocytes and macrophages aggregate in response to pathogens.
    • Lymphatic nodules are a consistent feature of lymph nodes, tonsils, and appendices.

    Lymphatic Organs

    • Lymphatic organs have well-defined capsules.
    • Lymphatic organs have lymphatic tissues separated from surrounding tissues.
    • Primary lymphatic organs (red bone marrow and thymus) produce immunocompetent cells.
    • Secondary lymphatic organs (lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen) contain immunocompetent cells.

    Red Bone Marrow

    • Red bone marrow is a soft, loosely organized, highly vascular material involved in hematopoiesis and immunity.
    • It's located within the endosteum of flat bone and the central cavities of long bones.
    • Developing blood cells pass through the reticular and endothelial cells to enter the bloodstream.

    Thymus

    • Thymus is involved in the endocrine, lymphatic, and immune systems.
    • It houses developing lymphocytes and secretes hormones regulating lymphocyte activity.
    • This bilobed organ is located in the superior mediastinum between the sternum and aortic arch.
    • The thymus undergoes degeneration with age.

    Lymph Nodes

    • Lymph nodes are numerous, bean-shaped lymphatic organs.
    • Each lymph node is enclosed within a fibrous capsule that divides the interior into departments.
    • Lymph nodes are composed of reticular fibers and cells (stroma), and parenchymal tissue.
    • They cleanse lymph and act as sites for T and B cell activation.
    • Lymph enters the node through afferent vessels and exits through efferent vessels.

    Tonsils

    • These are patches of lymphatic tissue located at the entrance to the pharynx, protecting the body from absorbed or inhaled pathogens.
    • They have deep pits called tonsillar crypts that are lined with lymphoid tissue.
    • They are common sites of infection (tonsillitis) and may often be surgically removed (tonsillectomy).

    Spleen

    • The spleen is the body's largest lymph organ, composed of red and white pulps.
    • Red pulp filters blood and removes worn-out red blood cells (RBCs).
    • White pulp is involved in immune responses.

    Immunity

    • Overview of the innate and adaptive immune system types, with different components.

    Innate Immunity

    • Three lines of defense: external barriers, internal defenses, and fever.
    • The first line of defense includes skin and mucous membranes.
    • The second line of defenses feature several innate defense mechanisms (such as leukocytes, macrophages, antimicrobial proteins).
    • The third line of defense employs adaptive immunity.

    External Barriers

    • Skin is a physical barrier that is mechanically difficult for microorganisms to enter.
    • The skin's dryness and keratin keep microbial growth at bay.
    • Skin has an acidic mantle (low pH) that inhibits bacteria.
    • Antimicrobial peptides like dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins act directly on microbes.

    Mucous Membranes

    • Mucus membranes line body cavities open to the exterior world.
    • Mucus physically traps pathogens, and enzymes like lysozyme destroy bacterial cell walls.
    • The subepithelial tissue contains hyaluronic acid, creating a viscous barrier.

    Leukocytes and Macrophages

    • The 5 types of leukocytes are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes.

    Neutrophils

    • Neutrophils, the most abundant leukocyte type, circulate in blood and wander into tissue, killing bacteria using phagocytosis, or by releasing bactericidal chemicals.

    Eosinophils

    • Eosinophils target parasites, allergens, and other pathogens via enzyme production causing their destruction.

    Basophils

    • Basophils are involved in inflammatory response, secreting inflammatory chemicals (leukotrienes/histamine).

    Monocytes and Macrophages

    • Monocytes are white blood cells that turn into macrophages in tissues, with phagocytic capabilities; wandering macrophages seek and destroy pathogens, while fixed macrophages wait for pathogens to come.

    Antimicrobial Proteins

    • Interferons are produced by infected cells to signal neighboring cells and inhibit viral replication. -
    • The complement system is a group of proteins that enhance the immune response.

    Complement System

    • Complement proteins are produced mainly by the liver, circulated in the blood as inactive proteins until activated by the presence of a pathogen.

    Natural Killer (NK) Cells

    • NK cells continually patrol the body and destroy pathogens or cancerous cells. They recognize a cell and release perforins to pierce the membrane, allowing granzymes to enter and induce apoptosis.

    Fever

    • Fever is an abnormal elevation in body temperature in response to infection or trauma.
    • Fever is an innate response, raising the body's set point and promoting the action of interferons and other immune cells, and enhancing the rate of tissue repair. -
    • Fever is triggered by exogenous or endogenous pyrogens.

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