Lymphatic System Overview
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Questions and Answers

What are pathogens?

  • Healthy microorganisms
  • Nutrients for the body
  • Cells that promote healing
  • Disease-causing microorganisms (correct)

    • Immunity refers to vulnerability to damage or disease.

    False

    Name the primary organ system that defends the body against disease.

    lymphatic system

    Lymph is richer in dietary __________ as it exits the GI tract.

    <p>lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following functions to the lymphatic system:

    <p>Circulates excess body fluids = Function 1 Defends the body against disease = Function 2 Transports dietary lipids = Function 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lymphatic capillaries?

    <p>Sample interstitial fluid and return filtered fluid to circulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Lymphatic vessels only drain lymph from the lower body.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we call the fluid collected in lipid-rich lymph?

    <p>chyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The main lymphatic duct draining the majority of the body is the _____.

    <p>thoracic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the lymphatic organs with their functions:

    <p>Tonsils = Filter pathogens from ingested substances Lacteals = Absorb lipids from the small intestine MALT = Protect mucous membranes Red Bone Marrow = Produce lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphatic vessel is not universally present in all individuals?

    <p>Right lymphatic duct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Endothelial cell edges of lymphatic capillaries do not allow interstitial fluid to exit.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps in the lymphatic system?

    <p>Move fluid through lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Approximately _____% of fluid is returned to circulation via the lymphatic system.

    <p>15</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure absorbs dietary lipids from digestion?

    <p>Lacteals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immunity is generated from vaccines?

    <p>Active immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Self-tolerance in adaptive immunity allows the immune system to react to self-antigens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary immune response stimulated by vaccines?

    <p>Production of antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The measles virus can cause immunological ___________ .

    <p>amnesia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to T cells that do not bind MHC-I during development?

    <p>They die</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with HIV are especially susceptible to infections because the virus preferentially infects ___________ cells.

    <p>CD4+ T</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune system concepts with their descriptions:

    <p>Positive selection = Process allowing T cells that bind MHC-I to mature Negative selection = Elimination of T cells that react to self-antigens Active immunity = Immune response generated by exposure to an antigen Passive immunity = Receiving pre-made antibodies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common example of hypersensitivity in the immune system?

    <p>Allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anaphylaxis is a systemic inflammatory response that can occur from a second exposure to an allergen.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the inability of untreated individuals with HIV to mount adaptive immune responses?

    <p>Infection of CD4+ T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following cells are formed in multipotent stem cells?

    <p>Leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The thymus gland increases in size as a person ages.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of lymphocytes become immunocompetent in the thymus?

    <p>T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The spleen is located in the left __________ region of the abdomen.

    <p>hypochondriac</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following lymphatic organs with their primary function:

    <p>Thymus = Site of T lymphocytes maturation Spleen = Filters blood and removes damaged cells Lymph nodes = Filters lymph and responds to infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the immune system is the first line of defense?

    <p>Innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cilia in the respiratory tract help trap and sweep harmful particles away.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one antimicrobial substance produced by the body.

    <p>Lysozyme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ pulp in the spleen contains lymphocytes and macrophages.

    <p>white</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their functions:

    <p>Neutrophils = First responders to infection Natural Killer Cells = Attack foreign cells Macrophages = Engulf and destroy pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of interferons in the immune response?

    <p>They have antiviral properties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Phagocytes are responsible for engulfing and destroying other cells or large particles.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the red pulp in the spleen?

    <p>Removes worn-out blood cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The external defenses of innate immunity include __________ membranes.

    <p>mucous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pseudopods in phagocytosis?

    <p>To wrap around and engulf invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Histamine reduces blood flow to the site of injury.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure forms when a phagosome fuses with a lysosome?

    <p>phagolysosome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The immune response that occurs regardless of the type of pathogen is called __________.

    <p>nonspecific</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the immune cells with their primary roles:

    <p>Neutrophils = Phagocytize invaders Natural Killer Cells = Cause cytolysis of infected cells Macrophages = Clean up cell debris Lymphocytes = Specific immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following proteins enhance leukocyte chemotaxis?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antibody-mediated immunity primarily defends against intracellular pathogens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to blood vessels during inflammation?

    <p>They become more permeable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inflammation results in the signs and symptoms known as __________.

    <p>PRISH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of CD4 proteins in T lymphocytes?

    <p>To act as co-receptors during signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All body cells express Class I MHC antigens except for erythrocytes.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are effector cells?

    <p>Short-lived lymphocytes that kill invaders</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Define chemotaxis in the context of the immune response.

    <p>The movement of leukocytes towards chemical signals at the site of tissue damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During tissue healing, __________ are proteins that promote vasodilation.

    <p>kinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Memory cells actively kill or attack invaders.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of antigens are exogenous antigens?

    <p>Foreign molecules circulating in fluids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the type of immunity with its characteristic:

    <p>Cell-mediated immunity = Directly kills infected cells Humoral immunity = Produces antibodies Innate immunity = Non-specific defense Adaptive immunity = Specific defense</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Activated T cells require __________ to fully activate.

    <p>costimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following cells with their primary function:

    <p>B cells = Produce antibodies CTLs = Kill infected cells HTLs = Costimulate other lymphocytes Memory cells = Provide immune memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do CD8 proteins play in CTL activation?

    <p>They stabilize the interaction between TCR and MHC-I.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plasma cells and plasmocytes refer to the same type of cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of antibodies?

    <p>To recognize and neutralize foreign antigens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first exposure to an antigens leads to a __________ immune response.

    <p>primary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Antigens = Substances that trigger immune responses Immunological memory = Ability to remember and respond to past infections Cytokines = Proteins that stimulate lymphocyte division Phagocytosis = Ingestion of pathogens by cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of antigen is presented on MHC-I molecules?

    <p>Endogenous antigens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Helper T lymphocytes can activate B cells.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two populations of lymphocytes produced during clonal selection?

    <p>Effector cells and memory cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) include __________ and macrophages.

    <p>B cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Lymphatic System

    • The lymphatic system is the main organ system for defending against diseases and damage.
    • It consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and lymphatic organs.
    • Lymph is similar in composition to interstitial fluid and blood but richer in lipids after exiting the GI tract.
    • Lymph is filtered in lymphoid tissues and/or organs.
    • Lymphatic vessels begin as capillaries between cells that permit interstitial fluid to enter but not exit.
    • When interstitial fluid pressure is higher than inside the vessels, the fluid enters the lymphatic capillaries.
    • Specialized lymphatic capillaries in the small intestine (lacteals) absorb dietary lipids, forming chyle (creamy white lymph).
    • Lymphatic capillaries merge into lymphatic vessels, which carry lymph to lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissues for filtration.
    • Lymphatic vessels merge into lymph trunks that empty into lymphatic ducts (right and thoracic).
    • The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the head, neck, and right upper limb into the right subclavian vein.
    • The thoracic duct, the largest lymphatic vessel, begins at the cisterna chyli and empties into the left subclavian vein.
    • The lymphatic system returns about 15% of filtered fluid (approximately 3 liters daily) to the circulatory system via skeletal muscle and respiratory pumps.

    Lymphatic Organs and Tissues

    • Lymphatic organs are grouped into primary and secondary types.
    • Primary lymphatic organs are the red bone marrow and thymus.
    • Red bone marrow contains stem cells that give rise to blood cells, including lymphocytes.
    • The thymus is a bilobed gland where T lymphocytes mature.
    • The thymus cortex contains epithelial cells that train immature T cells, while the medulla contains mature T cells.
    • Secondary lymphatic organs include the spleen and lymph nodes, which contain immunocompetent cells.
    • The spleen is the largest mass of lymphatic tissue, filtering blood and removing worn-out cells.
    • Lymph nodes are bean-shaped organs that filter lymph and contain lymphoid nodules (clusters of B cells).
    • Lymphatic tissues lack a capsule, found in mucous membranes and Peyer's patches (aggregated lymphoid follicles).
    • Lymph nodes receive lymph via afferent vessels and release lymph through efferent vessels.

    Immunity

    • Immunity is the body's resistance to damage or disease. Susceptibility is vulnerability to disease.
    • Pathogens are disease-causing microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites).
    • Immunity is broadly divided into innate and adaptive immunity.
    • Innate immunity is nonspecific, fast, and found in all animals.
    • Adaptive immunity is specific, slower, and only found in vertebrates.

    Innate Immunity

    • Innate immunity has external defenses (first line) and internal defenses (second line).
    • External defenses include:
      • Skin with keratin and acidic/salty environment.
      • Mucous membranes with mucus, cilia, tears (with lysozyme), and other fluids.
      • Antimicrobial substances (interferons, complement proteins, iron-binding proteins, AMPs).
    • Internal defenses include phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages).
    • Phagocytosis process: chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion (phagosome formation), digestion (phagolysosome formation), and killing.
    • Inflammation: a nonspecific response to tissue damage, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, pain, and immobility.
    • Chemicals that cause inflammation: histamine, kinins, prostaglandins, leukotrienes, complement proteins.
    • Fever is an innate immune response that raises body temperature to combat infection.

    Adaptive Immunity

    • Adaptive immunity uses lymphocytes (including cytotoxic t lymphocytes (CTLs) and helper t lymphocytes (HTLs)) with antigen receptors to recognize specific antigens.
    • Lymphocytes are clonally selected and produce effector and memory cells for long-term protection.
    • Antigens are processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) to activate lymphocytes.
    • Exogenous antigens are processed by APCs using MHC-II.
    • Endogenous antigens are processed by APCs using MHC-I.
    • T cell activation requires costimulation using cytokines.
    • CTLs directly kill infected cells via perforins and granzymes.
    • HTLs activate other lymphocytes (e.g., B cells), producing antibodies to fight extracellular pathogens.
    • Antibodies are immunoglobulin proteins made by plasma cells, enhancing phagocytosis and promoting cell lysis.

    Immunological Memory

    • First exposure to an antigen results in a primary immune response with slower antibody production.
    • Subsequent exposure to the same antigen triggers a faster and stronger secondary immune response due to memory lymphocytes.
    • Vaccines use harmless antigens to stimulate the primary immune response and create immunological memory.

    Self-Recognition and Self-Tolerance

    • The immune system must distinguish between self and foreign cells.
    • Positive selection in the thymus ensures T cells can recognize self-MHC molecules.
    • Negative selection eliminates T cells that react to self-antigens to prevent autoimmunity.
    • Failure of self-tolerance can lead to autoimmune disorders.

    Homeostatic Imbalances

    • Immunodeficiency diseases reduce immune system function.
    • Autoimmune disorders mistakenly attack self-antigens.
    • Hypersensitivities are excessive immune responses to harmless substances.
    • AIDS results from HIV infection preferentially targeting CD4+ HTLs, reducing the adaptive immune response.
    • Allergies are a type of hypersensitivity.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the components and functions of the lymphatic system. It covers aspects such as lymph composition, lymphatic vessels, and the role of lymph nodes in filtering lymph. Test your knowledge on this crucial organ system that protects against diseases.

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