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Questions and Answers
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
Which of these options are correct? (Select all that apply)
- Lymph Nodes (correct)
- Bone Marrow (correct)
- Tonsils (correct)
- Spleen (correct)
What does the Lymphatic System absorb?
What does the Lymphatic System absorb?
Fluids not absorbed by the capillaries.
Reabsorption of fluids and nutrients is the process where fluids and nutrients move from the capillaries to the interstitial space.
Reabsorption of fluids and nutrients is the process where fluids and nutrients move from the capillaries to the interstitial space.
False (B)
What condition occurs when reabsorption of fluids does not occur?
What condition occurs when reabsorption of fluids does not occur?
What is the name of the largest lymphatic duct?
What is the name of the largest lymphatic duct?
The right lymphatic duct connects to the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein.
The right lymphatic duct connects to the internal jugular vein and the subclavian vein.
What does the cisterna chyli drain?
What does the cisterna chyli drain?
What does the red pulp of the spleen contain?
What does the red pulp of the spleen contain?
What is the force generated by the pressure of fluid inside or outside of a capillary against a capillary wall called?
What is the force generated by the pressure of fluid inside or outside of a capillary against a capillary wall called?
What is the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma or interstitial fluid called?
What is the osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood plasma or interstitial fluid called?
The arterial end of capillaries has a lower pressure out than the venous end.
The arterial end of capillaries has a lower pressure out than the venous end.
What is the largest system in the body?
What is the largest system in the body?
Which of these is NOT a cell type found in the epidermis?
Which of these is NOT a cell type found in the epidermis?
What is the protein that makes up the outermost layer of the epidermis?
What is the protein that makes up the outermost layer of the epidermis?
The stratum corneum is the thickest layer of the epidermis.
The stratum corneum is the thickest layer of the epidermis.
What is the name of the deepest layer of the epidermis?
What is the name of the deepest layer of the epidermis?
What is the name of the cell that produces melanin?
What is the name of the cell that produces melanin?
What is the name of the cell that detects touch sensations?
What is the name of the cell that detects touch sensations?
The stratum lucidum is found in thick and thin skin.
The stratum lucidum is found in thick and thin skin.
What is the name of the layer of lipid that acts as a water repellent in the epidermis?
What is the name of the layer of lipid that acts as a water repellent in the epidermis?
The stratum corneum is the most numerous layer of the epidermis.
The stratum corneum is the most numerous layer of the epidermis.
What is the term used to describe an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum?
What is the term used to describe an abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum?
What is the term for the shedding of excess keratinocytes from the scalp?
What is the term for the shedding of excess keratinocytes from the scalp?
What is the name of the combination of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum?
What is the name of the combination of the stratum basale and the stratum spinosum?
Melanocytes are absent in people with albinism.
Melanocytes are absent in people with albinism.
What is the name of the disease associated with a deficiency in melanin?
What is the name of the disease associated with a deficiency in melanin?
What amino acid is needed to produce melanin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine?
What amino acid is needed to produce melanin, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and thyroxine?
What are the extensions of the dermis towards the epidermis called?
What are the extensions of the dermis towards the epidermis called?
What are the extensions of the epidermis towards the dermis called?
What are the extensions of the epidermis towards the dermis called?
What is the name of the disease that is characterized by multiple, bilateral white dots or lines (Wickham's striae) and histologically shows sawtoothing at the dermoepidermal junction?
What is the name of the disease that is characterized by multiple, bilateral white dots or lines (Wickham's striae) and histologically shows sawtoothing at the dermoepidermal junction?
Lichen planus can progress into squamous cell carcinoma.
Lichen planus can progress into squamous cell carcinoma.
What is the name of the chronic inflammatory dermatosis of unknown cause that is characterized by lesions that appear pink to salmon in color and are covered by a loosely adherent silver-white scale?
What is the name of the chronic inflammatory dermatosis of unknown cause that is characterized by lesions that appear pink to salmon in color and are covered by a loosely adherent silver-white scale?
Which of the following is NOT a type of mechanoreceptor?
Which of the following is NOT a type of mechanoreceptor?
The Meissner corpuscles are more sensitive to touch than the Merkel discs.
The Meissner corpuscles are more sensitive to touch than the Merkel discs.
What type of vitamin is carotene (as in carrots)?
What type of vitamin is carotene (as in carrots)?
What is the name of the condition that causes the gums to bleed due to a vitamin C deficiency?
What is the name of the condition that causes the gums to bleed due to a vitamin C deficiency?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
What is the active form of vitamin D?
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
What is the most common type of skin cancer?
What is the most common type of skin cancer in the oral cavity?
What is the most common type of skin cancer in the oral cavity?
What are keratin pearls associated with?
What are keratin pearls associated with?
There is a benign form of melanoma.
There is a benign form of melanoma.
What is the deadliest type of skin cancer?
What is the deadliest type of skin cancer?
What is the medical term for bluish skin due to lack of oxygen in the blood?
What is the medical term for bluish skin due to lack of oxygen in the blood?
Erythroblastosis fetalis is a blood disorder that can occur when a person is lacking certain vitamin D.
Erythroblastosis fetalis is a blood disorder that can occur when a person is lacking certain vitamin D.
What is the name for a person born with bluish skin due to a lack of oxygen in the blood?
What is the name for a person born with bluish skin due to a lack of oxygen in the blood?
What is the name of the medication that can be used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the name of the medication that can be used to prevent erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the name of the smooth muscle that causes goosebumps?
What is the name of the smooth muscle that causes goosebumps?
What is the medical term for excessive hair growth in localized areas?
What is the medical term for excessive hair growth in localized areas?
What is the medical term for excessive hair growth in the entire body?
What is the medical term for excessive hair growth in the entire body?
What is the name of the oil that is secreted by the sebaceous glands?
What is the name of the oil that is secreted by the sebaceous glands?
What is the name of the glands that produce sweat?
What is the name of the glands that produce sweat?
What is the name of the waxy substance that is secreted by the ceruminous glands?
What is the name of the waxy substance that is secreted by the ceruminous glands?
What are the two conditions that are caused by a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium?
What are the two conditions that are caused by a deficiency in vitamin D or calcium?
What is the name of the vitamin D that is found in plants?
What is the name of the vitamin D that is found in plants?
What is the name of the vitamin D that is found in animals?
What is the name of the vitamin D that is found in animals?
Photosensitivity is the increased sensitivity to light, especially ultraviolet (UV) rays.
Photosensitivity is the increased sensitivity to light, especially ultraviolet (UV) rays.
What is the medical term for the process of scar formation?
What is the medical term for the process of scar formation?
Freckles are caused by an excessive production of melanin.
Freckles are caused by an excessive production of melanin.
What does the rule of 9 assess?
What does the rule of 9 assess?
What is a fluid-filled lesion called?
What is a fluid-filled lesion called?
What is a fluid-filled, semisolid, or air-filled structure with a developed epithelial wall called?
What is a fluid-filled, semisolid, or air-filled structure with a developed epithelial wall called?
What is the name of a raised lesion of the skin that is less than 10mm in diameter?
What is the name of a raised lesion of the skin that is less than 10mm in diameter?
What is the medical term for hives?
What is the medical term for hives?
What is the medical term for itching?
What is the medical term for itching?
What causes common warts?
What causes common warts?
Flashcards
What is lymph?
What is lymph?
Fluid that circulates throughout the lymphatic system.
What are lymph nodes?
What are lymph nodes?
Small, bean-shaped organs that filter lymph and contain lymphocytes.
What is lymphadenopathy?
What is lymphadenopathy?
Swelling of lymph nodes, often caused by infection or inflammation.
What are lymphatic ducts?
What are lymphatic ducts?
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What is the thoracic duct?
What is the thoracic duct?
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What is the cisterna chyli?
What is the cisterna chyli?
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What is the interstitium?
What is the interstitium?
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What is oncotic pressure?
What is oncotic pressure?
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
What is hydrostatic pressure?
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What is the epidermis?
What is the epidermis?
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What are keratinocytes?
What are keratinocytes?
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What are melanocytes?
What are melanocytes?
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What are Langerhans cells?
What are Langerhans cells?
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What are Merkel cells?
What are Merkel cells?
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What is the stratum basale?
What is the stratum basale?
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What is the stratum spinosum?
What is the stratum spinosum?
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What is the stratum granulosum?
What is the stratum granulosum?
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What is the stratum lucidum?
What is the stratum lucidum?
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What is the stratum corneum?
What is the stratum corneum?
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What is the dermis?
What is the dermis?
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What are dermal papillae?
What are dermal papillae?
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What are rete pegs?
What are rete pegs?
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What is lichen planus?
What is lichen planus?
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What is psoriasis?
What is psoriasis?
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What is the hypodermis?
What is the hypodermis?
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What are Meissner corpuscles?
What are Meissner corpuscles?
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What are Ruffini corpuscles?
What are Ruffini corpuscles?
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What are Krause end bulbs?
What are Krause end bulbs?
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What are Pacinian corpuscles?
What are Pacinian corpuscles?
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What is proprioception?
What is proprioception?
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What are nociceptors?
What are nociceptors?
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What are eccrine sweat glands?
What are eccrine sweat glands?
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What are apocrine sweat glands?
What are apocrine sweat glands?
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What are ceruminous glands?
What are ceruminous glands?
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Study Notes
Lymphatic System
- The lymphatic system absorbs fluids not absorbed by capillaries.
- It filters fluid in the circulatory system.
- It absorbs fluid buildup in the interstitial space to prevent accumulation.
- The lymphatic system starts with the heart.
- Blood is ejected into arteries, then arterioles, and finally into capillaries.
- Fluids and nutrients from capillaries move into cells through the interstitial space.
- This is called reabsorption.
- If reabsorption is not occurring properly, then edema (fluid buildup) results.
- Veins carry blood back to the heart.
Lymphatic Organs
- Primary organs: Bone marrow and thymus.
- Secondary organs: Spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes.
- These organs produce lymphocytes.
- Lymph nodes filter fluids and return them to veins.
- Lymph nodes can become swollen (edematous) if fluid isn't properly absorbed.
Lymphatic Ducts
- Lymphatic ducts are the largest lymphatic vessels.
- They transport lymph from different parts of the body.
- There are two main lymphatic ducts:
- The thoracic duct
- The right lymphatic duct.
- These ducts connect to veins for fluid return into the circulatory system.
- The thoracic duct is the largest.
- The Right lymphatic duct is smaller and drains the upper right quadrant of the body.
Spleen
- The red pulp of the spleen contains red blood cells (RBCs) and macrophages.
- The white pulp of the spleen contains white blood cells (WBCs), specifically B and T lymphocytes, which transform into plasma cells.
Capillary Dynamics
- Interstitial fluid has oncotic pressure that draws fluid into the interstitium.
- Blood oncotic pressure draws fluid into the capillaries.
- Hydrostatic pressure in the interstitium pushes fluid into the capillaries.
- Hydrostatic pressure in the blood pushes fluid out of the capillaries.
- Capillary movement is determined by the balance of these pressures.
Integumentary System
- The largest system of the body is the Integumentary System.
- It has two main parts: Epidermis and Dermis.
- The epidermis is mostly keratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
- Four cell types are seen in the epidermis: keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells.
- Melanin is produced by melanocytes.
- The epidermis does not have direct blood supply.
- Nutrients diffuse from the dermis.
- The dermis has two layers, the papillary layer and reticular layer.
- Major nutrient supplier of the skin, beneath this is the hypodermis, although it is not part of the integumantary system.
Layers of Epidermis
- Stratum basale: the deepest layer that produces keratin.
- Stratum spinosum: intermediate layer with high mitotic activity.
- Stratum granulosum - contains keratin filaments and tonofilaments.
- Stratum lucidum (only in thick skin): clear cell layer.
- Stratum corneum: outermost layer, made up of dead keratinocytes.
Vitamin D
- Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin in response to UV-B radiation.
- Vitamin D3 is converted to calcidiol, then to calcitriol in the kidneys.
- Vitamin D is important for calcium absorption and bone health.
Skin Cancer
- Types of skin cancer include BCC and SCC.
- BCC is the most common.
- SCC is the second most common type of skin cancer in the oral cavity.
- Melanoma is the deadliest type of skin cancer.
- Melanoma is characterized by its high metastatic rate.
Medical Terms
- Cyanosis: bluish discoloration due to inadequate oxygen.
- Blisters: fluid-filled lesions.
- Cyst: fluid-filled/air-filled lesion with epithelial wall.
- Papule: elevation of skin less than 10 mm.
- Nodule: elevation of skin greater than 10 mm.
- Hives (urticaria): itchy, reddish, and elevated skin patches, associated with allergic reactions.
Other
- Rule of 9's: method for assessing burn percentage.
- HPV plays a role in common warts and cervical cancer.
- Numerous other medical terms are described in these pages, but aren't completely listed/explained in detail.
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