Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
The lymphatic system is also known as the lymphoid system.
The lymphatic system is also known as the lymphoid system.
True (A)
Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system?
Which of the following is NOT a component of the lymphatic system?
What are the two types of lymphatic organs?
What are the two types of lymphatic organs?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
What are the primary lymphatic organs?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the lymphatic fluid called?
What is the lymphatic fluid called?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
What is the primary function of lymph nodes?
Signup and view all the answers
The spleen is sometimes referred to as the "filter of the blood."
The spleen is sometimes referred to as the "filter of the blood."
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
What is the function of lymphatic nodules?
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of pulp found in the spleen?
What are the two types of pulp found in the spleen?
Signup and view all the answers
Lymphatic nodules are also known as ______ (MALT).
Lymphatic nodules are also known as ______ (MALT).
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of white blood cells?
What is the function of white blood cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis?
Which type of white blood cell is responsible for phagocytosis?
Signup and view all the answers
Eosinophils are primarily involved in allergic reactions.
Eosinophils are primarily involved in allergic reactions.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the enzyme released by neutrophils that destroys certain bacteria?
What is the enzyme released by neutrophils that destroys certain bacteria?
Signup and view all the answers
Which type of white blood cells differentiate into wandering macrophages?
Which type of white blood cells differentiate into wandering macrophages?
Signup and view all the answers
Basophils are responsible for short-term inflammatory response.
Basophils are responsible for short-term inflammatory response.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a major type of lymphocyte?
Which of the following is NOT a major type of lymphocyte?
Signup and view all the answers
B cells are particularly effective in destroying bacteria.
B cells are particularly effective in destroying bacteria.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of cells do T cells attack?
What type of cells do T cells attack?
Signup and view all the answers
The body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells is called immunity.
The body's ability to resist or eliminate potentially harmful foreign materials or abnormal cells is called immunity.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of immune defenses?
What are the two types of immune defenses?
Signup and view all the answers
Innate immunity is present at birth.
Innate immunity is present at birth.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a part of the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the first line of defense in innate immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of interferons?
What is the function of interferons?
Signup and view all the answers
Iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by increasing the amount of available iron.
Iron-binding proteins inhibit the growth of certain bacteria by increasing the amount of available iron.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of the complement system?
What is the function of the complement system?
Signup and view all the answers
Natural killer cells can kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells.
Natural killer cells can kill a wide variety of infected body cells and certain tumor cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two ways that natural killer cells kill cells?
What are the two ways that natural killer cells kill cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a phagocyte?
Which of the following is NOT a phagocyte?
Signup and view all the answers
Phagocytosis occurs in five phases.
Phagocytosis occurs in five phases.
Signup and view all the answers
What type of response is inflammation?
What type of response is inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Inflammation is a harmful process.
Inflammation is a harmful process.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the five hallmarks of inflammation?
What are the five hallmarks of inflammation?
Signup and view all the answers
Systemic inflammation can cause a decrease in body temperature.
Systemic inflammation can cause a decrease in body temperature.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the three basic stages of the inflammatory response?
What are the three basic stages of the inflammatory response?
Signup and view all the answers
Fever is a common symptom of infection and inflammation.
Fever is a common symptom of infection and inflammation.
Signup and view all the answers
Fever can inhibit the growth of some microbes.
Fever can inhibit the growth of some microbes.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity?
What are the two types of lymphocytes involved in adaptive immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Adaptive immunity is specific to a particular pathogen or antigen.
Adaptive immunity is specific to a particular pathogen or antigen.
Signup and view all the answers
What is clonal selection?
What is clonal selection?
Signup and view all the answers
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) helps T cells recognize foreign antigens.
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) helps T cells recognize foreign antigens.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the two types of MHC antigens?
What are the two types of MHC antigens?
Signup and view all the answers
Antigen processing involves breaking down antigenic proteins into peptide fragments.
Antigen processing involves breaking down antigenic proteins into peptide fragments.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
What is the function of antigen-presenting cells (APCs)?
Signup and view all the answers
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies.
Humoral immunity involves the production of antibodies.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of B cells?
What is the primary function of B cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Cell-mediated immunity is primarily effective against intracellular pathogens.
Cell-mediated immunity is primarily effective against intracellular pathogens.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary function of helper T cells?
What is the primary function of helper T cells?
Signup and view all the answers
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing infected or abnormal cells.
Cytotoxic T cells are responsible for killing infected or abnormal cells.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the function of memory cells in adaptive immunity?
What is the function of memory cells in adaptive immunity?
Signup and view all the answers
Antibody-mediated immunity is primarily effective against extracellular pathogens.
Antibody-mediated immunity is primarily effective against extracellular pathogens.
Signup and view all the answers
What are antibodies made of?
What are antibodies made of?
Signup and view all the answers
Antibodies can neutralize toxins.
Antibodies can neutralize toxins.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody action?
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of antibody action?
Signup and view all the answers
Which immunoglobulin class crosses the placenta from mother to fetus?
Which immunoglobulin class crosses the placenta from mother to fetus?
Signup and view all the answers
IgE is involved in allergic reactions.
IgE is involved in allergic reactions.
Signup and view all the answers
Immunological memory is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and lymphocytes.
Immunological memory is due to the presence of long-lasting antibodies and lymphocytes.
Signup and view all the answers
Active immunity is obtained through:
Active immunity is obtained through:
Signup and view all the answers
Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent.
Hypersensitivity is an exaggerated immune response to a foreign agent.
Signup and view all the answers
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
What are the four types of hypersensitivity reactions?
Signup and view all the answers
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
Autoimmune diseases occur when the immune system attacks the body's own tissues.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Lymphatic System Overview
- The lymphatic system consists of lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structures/organs containing lymphatic tissue. Lymph is a fluid. Lymphatic vessels transport lymph.
- The lymphatic system maintains fluid balance, transports dietary lipids, and carries out immune responses.
Lymphatic System - Components
- Lymph is a clear, yellowish fluid that forms when fluid from blood vessels seeps into tissues. It's primarily interstitial fluid with varying amounts of lymphocytes, bacteria, cellular debris, plasma proteins, and other cells. The body produces 3-4 liters of lymph daily.
- Lymphatic vessels include: lymphatic capillaries, lymphatic trunks, and lymphatic ducts.
- Primary lymphatic organs are sites where stem cells produce immunocompetent cells (i.e., bone marrow and thymus).
- Secondary lymphatic organs are sites where immune responses occur (i.e., lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and lymphatic nodules).
Lymphatic System - Primary Organs
- Red Bone Marrow: Produces immunocompetent B cells and pre-T cells, and mature lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes).
- Thymus: The pre-T cells migrate to the thymus where they become immunocompetent T cells. The thymus is a bilobed organ in the mediastinum. Each lobe consists of an outer cortex and a central medulla.
Lymphatic System - Thymus: Cortex
- The cortex is primarily composed of large numbers of T cells.
- Epithelial cells provide a framework for as many as 50 T cells and help educate pre-T cells through a process called positive selection.
- Dendritic cells and macrophages assist the maturation process by clearing debris. The processed T cells then migrate to the medulla.
Lymphatic System - Thymus: Medulla
- The medulla contains widely scattered, more mature T cells, along with dendritic cells, macrophages, and epithelial cells.
- It includes thymic corpuscles, also known as Hassall's corpuscles, which are believed to be aged and degenerated cells.
Lymphatic System - Bone Marrow
- Bone marrow is the site of hematopoiesis, where lymphocytes are produced.
- B cells develop fully within the bone marrow. Immature T cells (thymocytes) leave the bone marrow to mature in the thymus.
Lymphatic System - Secondary Organs
- Lymph Nodes: These are sometimes called the "filters of the lymph". They remove debris and pathogens from lymph. Lymph nodes range in size from 1-25mm.
- The lymph node structure includes a capsule, trabeculae (connective tissue extensions), reticular fibers & fibroblasts forming the stroma (supporting framework), and the parenchyma (functioning part). The parenchyma is divided into a cortex and medulla. The cortex has a paracortex region, predominantly containing T cells and dendritic cells. The medulla contains B cells and plasma cells.
- Lymph generally flows through the node in only one direction. It enters through afferent vessels, flows through sinuses, and exits through efferent vessels at the hilum.
Lymphatic System - Spleen
- The spleen is the largest single mass of lymphatic tissue. It measures approximately 12 cm in length and is located in the left hypochondriac region. It's sometimes called the "filter of the blood”.
- The spleen's parenchyma consists of white pulp (containing lymphatic tissue mostly lymphocytes and macrophages) and red pulp (containing blood filled venous sinuses and splenic cords composed of red blood cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, plasma cells & granulocytes).
- Within the spleen, blood flowing through the splenic artery enters the white pulp. B and T cells perform immune functions, macrophages remove pathogens by phagocytosis within the white pulp. The red pulp carries out functions related to blood cells such as: removal of defective/worn-out blood cells/platelets, blood cell storage, and hematopoiesis (during fetal development).
Lymphatic System - Lymphatic Nodules
- Lymphatic nodules are egg-shaped masses of lymphatic tissue not enclosed in a capsule. They are found throughout mucous membranes and include tonsils (pharyngeal, palatine, and lingual) and aggregated lymphatic follicles (Peyer's patches).
Lymphatic System - Lymph
- Lymph flows through numerous lymphatic vessels/capillaries which drain into lymphatic ducts. Lymph eventually returns to the bloodstream via the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
-
These are a vital component of the blood, playing a crucial role in combating infections. They are categorized as either granular or agranular, based on their cellular structure.
-
Granular Leukocytes: Includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
-
Neutrophils: Are phagocytes with trilobed nuclei, being the most prevalent leukocyte type. They rapidly respond to tissues and release enzymes (like lysozyme) to destroy bacteria and pathogens.
-
Eosinophils: Primarily combat parasitic infections and allergic reactions, releasing enzymes to break down chemical mediators.
-
Basophils: Crucial for short-term inflammatory responses, particularly to allergies, releasing histamine causing vasodilation.
-
Agranular Leukocytes: Include lymphocytes and monocytes.
-
Monocytes: Are phagocytes that differentiate into macrophages. They clean up cellular debris and microbes via phagocytosis, taking longer than neutrophils to reach infection sites.
-
Lymphocytes: Key immune system soldiers. B lymphocytes produce antibodies, T lymphocytes are involved in cell-mediated destruction, and natural killer cells recognize and destroy diseased/infected cells.
Immunity
- The body's ability to resist or eliminate harmful foreign materials/abnormal cells. It includes defense mechanisms against microorganisms/pathogens, abnormal cells (cancer), or foreign cells.
Innate Immunity
- Defenses present from birth.
- External physical/chemical barriers (skin, mucous membranes).
- Internal nonspecific defenses (antimicrobial proteins, NK cells, phagocytes).
- First line: external physical barriers like skin & mucous membranes, and chemical barriers like sebum, gastric juices, tears, saliva.
- Second line: antimicrobial proteins (interferons, iron-binding proteins), and phagocytes (monocytes, neutrophils).
Adaptive Immunity
- Defenses developed after birth.
- Ability to recognize and target specific pathogens using antibodies.
- Involves T lymphocytes(T cells) and B lymphocytes(B cells).
- Has distinct cellular and humoral components.
Antibody-mediated Immunity
- Works against extracellular pathogens, using antibodies produced by B cells to target pathogens outside cells. -Types: Active (exposure to antigens, producing antibodies), and Passive (receiving antibodies from another source).
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are specialized glycoproteins produced by B lymphocytes in response to the presence of antigens, which are foreign substances that induce an immune response. There are five main classes of immunoglobulins in humans: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, each with distinct functions and properties.
- IgA is predominantly found in mucous membranes lining the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, as well as in secretions such as saliva, tears, and breast milk, where it plays a crucial role in mucosal immunity.
- IgD is primarily found on the surface of immature B cells and is believed to play a role in B cell activation and development.
- IgE is associated with allergic responses and protection against parasitic infections. It binds to allergens and triggers histamine release from mast cells and basophils, leading to inflammation.
- IgG is the most abundant class of immunoglobulin in the serum and is critical for long-term immunity. It can neutralize toxins, opsonize pathogens for phagocytosis, and activate the complement system.
- IgM is the first antibody produced in response to an infection and is effective in agglutinating pathogens, facilitating their elimination.
Overall, immunoglobulins are vital components of the adaptive immune system, helping to identify and neutralize a wide range of pathogens and foreign substances. They also provide long-lasting immunity by forming immunological memory following infection or vaccination.
- IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD are types of immunoglobulins having diverse roles in the immune system.
Inflammation
- A nonspecific defensive response of the body to tissue damage. It is protective to: eliminate the cause of injury, remove damaged tissue, generate new tissue. Signs/symptoms: redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), loss of function (laesa).
- Stages: vascular permeability/vasodilation and mediator release, exudate production and formation, tissue repair and regeneration.
Fever
- A common response to infection and inflammation. Elevated body temperature enhances effects of interferon, which inhibits microbial growth; speeds up cellular repair processes.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Explore the components and functions of the lymphatic system in this quiz. Learn about lymph, lymphatic vessels, and the primary and secondary organs involved in immune responses. Test your knowledge of how this system maintains fluid balance and transports dietary lipids.
