Lymphatic System and Immune Functions
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following are components of the lymphatic system?

  • Lymphatic ducts (correct)
  • Blood vessels
  • Lymphatic vessels (correct)
  • Lymph nodes (correct)

The lymphatic system carries excess extracellular fluid back to the venous system.

True (A)

Under which of the following conditions is the fluid carried by lymphatic vessels termed 'chyle'?

  • When it is milky due to chylomicrons (correct)
  • When it carries hormones
  • When it is derived from the brain
  • When it includes cell products

Which of the following tissues lack lymphatic vessels?

<p>Cartilage (B), Epithelia (C), Bone marrow (D), Brain (F)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic system relies on valves to ensure unidirectional flow of lymph.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the thymus?

<p>Maturation of T lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

The thymus begins to involute after the first few years of life, a process known as ______.

<p>atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two types of lymphoid nodules found in the cortex of lymph nodes?

<p>Primary and secondary (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the lymph sinuses?

<p>Filtration of lymph</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three regions of the lymph node?

<p>Cortex, paracortex, and medulla</p> Signup and view all the answers

High endothelial venules (HEVs) are found in the medulla of lymph nodes.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the clusters of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages found in the medulla of lymph nodes called?

<p>Medullary cords</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes lymphangitis?

<p>Inflammation of lymphatic vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes lymphedema?

<p>Accumulation of fluid in tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication if lymphatic vessels are blocked?

<p>Septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the spread of cancer cells via lymphatic vessels?

<p>Lymphogenous spread</p> Signup and view all the answers

The lymphatic system is a closed system, meaning it does not interact with the circulatory system.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Lymph?

Clear, colorless fluid found in most lymphatic vessels, it is a result of filtration from capillaries and includes large particles like pathogens.

What is Chyle?

Milky, opaque fluid found in lymphatic vessels from the small intestine, it contains chylomicrons which are fat droplets from digested food.

What are Lymphatic Vessels?

A network of vessels that carry lymph throughout the body, collecting excess fluid and immune cells.

What are Lymphatic Ducts?

Large vessels that collect lymph from different parts of the body and deliver it back to the circulatory system.

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What is the Thoracic Duct?

The largest lymphatic duct, it starts in the abdomen, ascends through the chest, and drains lymph from the entire body except the upper right quadrant.

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What is the Right Lymphatic Duct?

A smaller lymphatic duct that drains lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body (right side of the head, neck, arm, and chest).

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What is the Thymus?

Primary lymphoid organ, it's responsible for the maturation and education of T lymphocytes.

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What is the Thymus Capsule?

A dense connective tissue covering that surrounds the thymus, it helps structure and organize the organ.

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What are Thymus Trabeculae?

Thin extensions of the thymus capsule that divide the organ into smaller compartments called lobules.

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What is Thymus Stroma?

A delicate network of fibers that provides support for the cells within the thymus.

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What is Thymus Parenchyma?

The functional part of the thymus, consisting of two regions: the cortex and the medulla.

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What is Thymus Cortex?

The outer region of the thymus lobule, it is denser with cells and is crucial for the initial maturation of T lymphocytes.

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What is Thymus Medulla?

The inner region of the thymus lobule, it contains more mature T cells and Hassall's corpuscles.

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What are T Lymphocytes in the Thymus Cortex?

Immature T lymphocytes that enter the thymus from the bone marrow, they undergo proliferation and maturation to become immunocompetent.

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What are Epithelial Reticular Cells in the Thymus Cortex?

Specialized cells in the thymus cortex that form a network supporting developing T cells.

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What is the Blood Thymic Barrier?

A barrier formed by blood vessel endothelium, epithelial reticular cells, and their basal laminas, it prevents foreign antigens from reaching developing T cells in the cortex.

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What are Hassall's Corpuscles?

Large, pale-staining cells found in the medulla of the thymus, they coalesce to form whorl-shaped structures.

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What are Lymph Nodes?

Small, encapsulated structures along lymphatic vessels, they filter lymph and act as sites for immune response.

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What is Lymph Node Cortex?

The outer region of a lymph node, it contains primary and secondary lymphoid nodules where B cells are concentrated.

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What are Primary Lymphoid Nodules?

Rounded or oval structures within the lymph node cortex composed of small B lymphocytes, macrophages, and follicular dendritic cells.

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What are Secondary Lymphoid Nodules?

Lymphoid nodules with a central germinal center formed by proliferating B cells in response to antigen exposure.

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What is the Germinal Center of Secondary Lymphoid Nodules?

The central region of secondary lymphoid nodules, it contains large lymphoblasts that represent proliferating B cells.

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What is the Paracortex of a Lymph Node?

A region in the lymph node located between the cortex and medulla, it is rich in T lymphocytes.

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What are High Endothelial Venules (HEVs) in Lymph Nodes?

Specialized vessels in the paracortex of a lymph node, they allow lymphocytes to enter the lymph node from the bloodstream.

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What is the Medulla of a Lymph Node?

The inner region of a lymph node, it contains medullary cords where lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages are concentrated.

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What are Medullary Cords in Lymph Nodes?

Clusters of lymphoid cells surrounded by lymph sinuses in the medulla of a lymph node.

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What is Lymph Filtration in Lymph Nodes?

The process where lymph is filtered and foreign antigens are recognized and removed in the lymph node.

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What is Humoral Immune Response in Lymph Nodes?

The response of the immune system to foreign antigens, involving the production of antibodies by B cells, mainly in lymph nodes.

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What is Cell-mediated Immune Response in Lymph Nodes?

The response of the immune system mediated by T cells, it targets infected cells or malignant cells in the lymph node.

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Study Notes

Lymphatic System

  • The lymphatic system carries excess extracellular fluid back to the venous system
  • Lymph is a clear, colorless fluid, except in the small intestine where it's milky (chyle) due to chylomicrons
  • The lymphatic system is in most body areas except the brain, bone marrow, and avascular tissues (e.g., epithelia, cartilage)
  • Lymphatic vessels have valves to maintain unidirectional flow

Specialized Immune Tissue

  • Lymphatic structures (nodes, vessels, ducts) are crucial components of the immune system
  • Primary lymphoid tissues (thymus) support the maturation of T lymphocytes
  • Secondary lymphoid tissues (e.g., lymph nodes) aid in immune responses and filter lymph
  • Lymph nodes exhibit structural changes during immune responses, showing how inflammation or infection affects the structure.

Microstructure of Lymphoid Organs

  • Lymph nodes are small, encapsulated organs with a cortex, paracortex, and medulla
  • The cortex mainly contains B lymphocytes in nodules (primary and secondary)
  • Secondary nodules contain germinal centers of proliferating B cells
  • The paracortex mainly contains T lymphocytes
  • Medullary cords contain plasma cells and some B-memory cells
  • Lymph nodes filter lymph, recognize antigens, and mount humoral and cell-mediated immune responses
  • Valves in lymph vessels ensure one-way flow.

Thymus Structure

  • The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ crucial for T-cell maturation
  • It's located in the mediastinum, and the size decreases as an individual ages
  • The thymus has an outer cortex and inner medulla
  • The thymus contains Hassall's corpuscles (epithelial cells).

Cells in Lymphoid Tissue

  • Immature T lymphocytes enter the thymus cortex. They mature in the cortex.
  • Epithelial reticular cells in the cortex form a network that regulates T cell selection, preventing self-reactions by introducing self-antigens
  • Lymphocytes that mature develop immunological competence for adaptive immunity
  • T cells in the lymph nodes and B cells and T cells remain in the paracortex.

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Macro/Microstructure of Specialized Immune Tissue PDF

Description

This quiz explores the lymphatic system and its crucial role in immune responses. It covers the microstructure of lymphoid organs, the significance of lymphatic tissues, and the functions of specialized immune tissues. Test your knowledge on how these components work together to maintain health.

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