24 Questions
What is a contraindicated measure during the treatment of epistaxis?
Systemic antibiotics are contraindicated
Which of the following is a general cause of epistaxis?
Uremia
What is a measure of curative and preventive treatment for epistaxis?
Cauterization of bleeding point with silver nitrates
What is a type of fracture that does not require a major blow?
Type 3 fracture
What is a common cause of epistaxis?
Hypertension
What is an immediate measure of action during treatment of epistaxis?
Applying pressure on the nostril
What is a condition that may cause epistaxis?
All of the above
What is a measure of curative and preventive treatment for epistaxis that may be used when immediate treatment fails?
Arterial ligatures
What is the initial treatment for epistaxis?
Anterior nasal packing
What is a general cause of epistaxis?
All of the above
What is a local cause of epistaxis?
All of the above
What is a preventive measure for epistaxis?
Vitamin C and K
What is a complication of septal hematoma?
All of the above
What is a curative treatment for epistaxis?
Cauterization of the bleeding
What is an immediate treatment for epistaxis?
Ice or cold pack application
What is a general cause of epistaxis related to the blood?
Hemophilia
What is the average capacity of the frontal sinus in an adult?
7ml
At what age does the sphenoid sinus begin to develop?
6 years
What percentage of subjects may have absent sphenoid sinus?
15%
What is a local cause of epistaxis?
Foreign bodies
What is not a local cause of epistaxis?
Hypertension
What is a condition of the blood that can cause epistaxis?
All of the above
What separates the orbit from the ethmoidal sinuses?
Lamina papirracea
What is the shape of the frontal sinus?
Pyramidal
Study Notes
Nasal Anatomy and Epistaxis
- The nasal cavity consists of two parts: anterior and posterior.
- The anterior part drains to retropharyngeal lymph nodes, jugular lymph nodes, and submandibular lymph nodes.
- The posterior part drains to lymph nodes from the posterior part of nasal fossae and nasopharynx.
Epistaxis Causes
- Local causes of epistaxis include:
- Leukemia
- Idiopathic
- Acute infections
- Endocrine causes
- Traumatic
- Hemophilia
- Environmental
- Inflammatory
- Hypertension
- Neoplastic
- General causes of epistaxis include:
- Acute infections
- Traumatic
- Uremia
- Hemophilia
- Neoplastic
- Idiopathic
- Environmental
- Inflammatory
- Endocrine causes
- Leukemia
Epistaxis Treatment
- Immediate treatment:
- Anterior nasal packing
- Embolization
- Blood transfusion
- Ice or cold pack applied to the bridge of the nose
- Pressure on the nostril
- Curative and preventive measures:
- Vitamin C and K
- Cauterization of the bleeding point
- Sedation
- Packing of the postnasal space
- Arterial ligatures
Complications of Hematoma of Septum
- Cartilage necrosis
- Neoplasm
- Perforation of septum
- Septal abscess
- Saddle nose
- Septal thickening
- Meningitis
- Endocrinal complications
- High altitudes with lower pressure
Ethmoid Sinus
- Consists of 6-10 thin-walled, air-containing cavities within the lateral masses of ethmoid bones.
- Related to the inferior wall of the ethmoidal labyrinth.
- Separated from the orbit by the lamina papirracea.
Frontal Sinus
- Has a pyramidal shape.
- May be absent in 4% of subjects.
- Average capacity is about 7ml in adults.
- Right and left sinuses are often asymmetrical.
- Is an upward extension of an anterior ethmoidal cell.
- Separated by a thin bony septum.
Sphenoidal Sinus
- Occupies the body of the sphenoid bone.
- Average capacity is about 3ml in adults.
- May be absent in 15% of subjects.
- Begins to develop after 6 years of age.
- Lies behind the upper part of the nasal fossa.
- Is not always present at birth.
This quiz covers the anatomy and drainage of the nasal fossae and nasopharynx, including the anterior and posterior parts.
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