Lymphadenitis and Lymphangitis Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the first major component of acute inflammation?

  • Increased permeability of microvasculature
  • Accumulation of leukocytes in the focus of injury
  • Dilation of small vessels leading to an increase in blood flow (correct)
  • Emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation

    • What is the term for the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities?

  • Cytokine release
  • Exudation (correct)
  • Emigration
  • Phagocytosis

    • What do phagocytes residing in tissues try to do when encountering injurious agents?

  • Leave the circulation
  • Produce cytokines
  • Eliminate the agents (correct)
  • Recognize abnormal substances

    • What do reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation consist of?

    <p>Changes in blood flow and vessel permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type dominates in infections by Pseudomonas bacteria, viral infections, hypersensitivity reactions, helminthic infections, and allergic reactions?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in leukocyte recruitment?

    <p>Loose attachment to endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are involved in leukocyte recruitment?

    <p>Selectins and integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of infection in some cases?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does leukocyte activation occur upon recognition of offending agents?

    <p>Via signaling pathways from TLRs and other receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells are responsible for the resolution of inflammation?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in phagocytosis?

    <p>Recognition and attachment of the particle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are generated during phagocytosis to destroy ingested particles?

    <p>Hypochlorite, hydroxyl radical, and peroxynitrite</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of drugs developed to control harmful inflammation?

    <p>To block TNF and leukocyte integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of drugs that block TNF and leukocyte integrins?

    <p>Increased risk of infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an exudate?

    <p>A high-protein extravascular fluid containing cellular debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a transudate?

    <p>A low-protein fluid resulting from osmotic or hydrostatic imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is edema?

    <p>Excess fluid in interstitial tissues or serous cavities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?

    <p>Filter and police extravascular fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism causing increased vascular permeability?

    <p>Contraction of endothelial cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are exudates rich in?

    <p>Leukocytes and dead cell debris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What causes transudate formation?

    <p>Hydrostatic imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of normal hydrostatic pressure in capillaries being balanced by colloid osmotic pressure?

    <p>Nil net flow of fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are early responses to injury?

    <p>Vasodilation and increased vascular permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may lead to vascular leakage and exacerbate inflammation?

    <p>Direct endothelial cell damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do lymphatic vessels help drain during inflammation?

    <p>Edema fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What may become inflamed during inflammation?

    <p>Lymphatic vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of weak rolling interactions mediated by selectins during leukocyte navigation?

    <p>To allow for leukocyte contact with the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to integrins upon activation during leukocyte navigation?

    <p>They convert to a high-affinity state, enabling firm adhesion to the endothelium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which stage of inflammation do monocytes appear?

    <p>24 to 48 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of chemokines in leukocyte migration?

    <p>Stimulate leukocytes to migrate through interendothelial gaps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to neutrophils in extravascular tissues?

    <p>Undergo apoptosis within a few days</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells predominate during the first 6 to 24 hours of acute inflammation?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of integrins in normal circulation?

    <p>Bind to endothelial cell adhesion molecules in a low-affinity state</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stimulates leukocytes to migrate through interendothelial gaps?

    <p>Chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does leukocyte migration through intact endothelial cells mainly occur?

    <p>(Postcapillary venules)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do chemokines play at the site of injury?

    <p>Bind to endothelial cell proteoglycans and activate rolling leukocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of chemokines on leukocytes?

    <p>Induce reorganization of the cytoskeleton, enabling directional movement toward the source of the chemokine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cell type is primarily involved in eliminating microbes and other harmful agents?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mediators induce vasodilation during acute inflammation?

    <p>Histamine and kinins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules are primarily involved in the initial rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall?

    <p>Selectins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells exhibit hyperplasia in inflamed lymph nodes?

    <p>Lymphocytes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the signs of lymphangitis?

    <p>Red streaks near a skin wound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce growth factors for tissue repair?

    <p>Macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?

    <p>Cytokines like TNF and IL-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecules mediate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium?

    <p>Selectins and integrins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is redistributed from intracellular stores to the cell surface in response to mediators like histamine and thrombin?

    <p>P-selectin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of leukocytes are attracted to sites of infection and injury through the action of adhesion molecules?

    <p>Neutrophils</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the multistep process of leukocyte migration involving sequential phases before reaching the chemotactic stimulus?

    <p>Margination, rolling and adhesion, and migration in the tissue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do endothelial cells respond to infection and injury?

    <p>By secreting cytokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    • Inflamed lymph nodes exhibit hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and increased numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages (reactive or inflammatory lymphadenitis).
    • Signs of lymphangitis include red streaks near a skin wound, inflamed lymphatic channels, and painful lymph node enlargement.
    • Vasodilation during acute inflammation is induced by histamine, kinins, and other mediators, leading to increased vascular permeability, plasma protein and leukocyte entry, and tissue edema.
    • Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary leukocytes involved in inflammatory responses, performing the functions of eliminating microbes and other harmful agents.
    • Macrophages also produce growth factors for tissue repair, but their activation can cause tissue damage and prolong inflammation.
    • Leukocyte migration is a multistep process involving sequential phases: margination, rolling and adhesion, and migration in the tissue toward a chemotactic stimulus.
    • Leukocytes are attracted to sites of infection and injury through the action of adhesion molecules, primarily selectins and integrins, and their ligands.
    • Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium is mediated by adhesion molecules (selectins and integrins) and their ligands, which are expressed on both leukocytes and endothelial cells.
    • Inflammation triggers an expression of adhesion molecules and their ligands on endothelial cells (E-selectin, L-selectin ligands) in response to cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
    • P-selectin in redistributed from intracellular stores to the cell surface in response to mediators like histamine and thrombin.
    • Selectins are involved in the initial rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall, and their ligands are sialylated oligosaccharides bound to mucin-like glycoproteins.
    • Endothelial cells respond to infection and injury by secreting cytokines, which induce the expression of adhesion molecules, ensuring that leukocytes are recruited to the tissues where these stimuli are present.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge about the pathologic changes of inflamed lymph nodes and the diagnostic signs of bacterial infection related to lymphatic channels. This quiz will cover the constellation of pathologic changes in reactive lymphadenitis and the diagnostic signs of lymphangitis.

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