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Questions and Answers
What is the first major component of acute inflammation?
What is the first major component of acute inflammation?
- Increased permeability of microvasculature
- Accumulation of leukocytes in the focus of injury
- Dilation of small vessels leading to an increase in blood flow (correct)
- Emigration of leukocytes from microcirculation
What is the term for the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities?
What is the term for the escape of fluid, proteins, and blood cells from the vascular system into the interstitial tissue or body cavities?
- Cytokine release
- Exudation (correct)
- Emigration
- Phagocytosis
What do phagocytes residing in tissues try to do when encountering injurious agents?
What do phagocytes residing in tissues try to do when encountering injurious agents?
- Leave the circulation
- Produce cytokines
- Eliminate the agents (correct)
- Recognize abnormal substances
What do reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation consist of?
What do reactions of blood vessels in acute inflammation consist of?
Which cell type dominates in infections by Pseudomonas bacteria, viral infections, hypersensitivity reactions, helminthic infections, and allergic reactions?
Which cell type dominates in infections by Pseudomonas bacteria, viral infections, hypersensitivity reactions, helminthic infections, and allergic reactions?
What is the first step in leukocyte recruitment?
What is the first step in leukocyte recruitment?
Which molecules are involved in leukocyte recruitment?
Which molecules are involved in leukocyte recruitment?
Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of infection in some cases?
Which cells are the first to arrive at the site of infection in some cases?
How does leukocyte activation occur upon recognition of offending agents?
How does leukocyte activation occur upon recognition of offending agents?
Which cells are responsible for the resolution of inflammation?
Which cells are responsible for the resolution of inflammation?
What is the first step in phagocytosis?
What is the first step in phagocytosis?
What are generated during phagocytosis to destroy ingested particles?
What are generated during phagocytosis to destroy ingested particles?
What is the main function of drugs developed to control harmful inflammation?
What is the main function of drugs developed to control harmful inflammation?
What is the potential consequence of drugs that block TNF and leukocyte integrins?
What is the potential consequence of drugs that block TNF and leukocyte integrins?
What is an exudate?
What is an exudate?
What is a transudate?
What is a transudate?
What is edema?
What is edema?
What is the role of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?
What is the role of lymphatic vessels during inflammation?
What is the mechanism causing increased vascular permeability?
What is the mechanism causing increased vascular permeability?
What are exudates rich in?
What are exudates rich in?
What causes transudate formation?
What causes transudate formation?
What is the result of normal hydrostatic pressure in capillaries being balanced by colloid osmotic pressure?
What is the result of normal hydrostatic pressure in capillaries being balanced by colloid osmotic pressure?
What are early responses to injury?
What are early responses to injury?
What may lead to vascular leakage and exacerbate inflammation?
What may lead to vascular leakage and exacerbate inflammation?
What do lymphatic vessels help drain during inflammation?
What do lymphatic vessels help drain during inflammation?
What may become inflamed during inflammation?
What may become inflamed during inflammation?
What is the main purpose of weak rolling interactions mediated by selectins during leukocyte navigation?
What is the main purpose of weak rolling interactions mediated by selectins during leukocyte navigation?
What happens to integrins upon activation during leukocyte navigation?
What happens to integrins upon activation during leukocyte navigation?
During which stage of inflammation do monocytes appear?
During which stage of inflammation do monocytes appear?
What is the main role of chemokines in leukocyte migration?
What is the main role of chemokines in leukocyte migration?
What happens to neutrophils in extravascular tissues?
What happens to neutrophils in extravascular tissues?
Which cells predominate during the first 6 to 24 hours of acute inflammation?
Which cells predominate during the first 6 to 24 hours of acute inflammation?
What is the main function of integrins in normal circulation?
What is the main function of integrins in normal circulation?
What stimulates leukocytes to migrate through interendothelial gaps?
What stimulates leukocytes to migrate through interendothelial gaps?
Where does leukocyte migration through intact endothelial cells mainly occur?
Where does leukocyte migration through intact endothelial cells mainly occur?
What role do chemokines play at the site of injury?
What role do chemokines play at the site of injury?
What is the effect of chemokines on leukocytes?
What is the effect of chemokines on leukocytes?
Which cell type is primarily involved in eliminating microbes and other harmful agents?
Which cell type is primarily involved in eliminating microbes and other harmful agents?
What mediators induce vasodilation during acute inflammation?
What mediators induce vasodilation during acute inflammation?
Which molecules are primarily involved in the initial rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall?
Which molecules are primarily involved in the initial rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall?
What type of cells exhibit hyperplasia in inflamed lymph nodes?
What type of cells exhibit hyperplasia in inflamed lymph nodes?
What are the signs of lymphangitis?
What are the signs of lymphangitis?
Which cells produce growth factors for tissue repair?
Which cells produce growth factors for tissue repair?
What triggers the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?
What triggers the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells?
Which molecules mediate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium?
Which molecules mediate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium?
Which molecule is redistributed from intracellular stores to the cell surface in response to mediators like histamine and thrombin?
Which molecule is redistributed from intracellular stores to the cell surface in response to mediators like histamine and thrombin?
What type of leukocytes are attracted to sites of infection and injury through the action of adhesion molecules?
What type of leukocytes are attracted to sites of infection and injury through the action of adhesion molecules?
What is the multistep process of leukocyte migration involving sequential phases before reaching the chemotactic stimulus?
What is the multistep process of leukocyte migration involving sequential phases before reaching the chemotactic stimulus?
How do endothelial cells respond to infection and injury?
How do endothelial cells respond to infection and injury?
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Study Notes
- Inflamed lymph nodes exhibit hyperplasia of lymphoid follicles and increased numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages (reactive or inflammatory lymphadenitis).
- Signs of lymphangitis include red streaks near a skin wound, inflamed lymphatic channels, and painful lymph node enlargement.
- Vasodilation during acute inflammation is induced by histamine, kinins, and other mediators, leading to increased vascular permeability, plasma protein and leukocyte entry, and tissue edema.
- Neutrophils and macrophages are the primary leukocytes involved in inflammatory responses, performing the functions of eliminating microbes and other harmful agents.
- Macrophages also produce growth factors for tissue repair, but their activation can cause tissue damage and prolong inflammation.
- Leukocyte migration is a multistep process involving sequential phases: margination, rolling and adhesion, and migration in the tissue toward a chemotactic stimulus.
- Leukocytes are attracted to sites of infection and injury through the action of adhesion molecules, primarily selectins and integrins, and their ligands.
- Leukocyte adhesion to endothelium is mediated by adhesion molecules (selectins and integrins) and their ligands, which are expressed on both leukocytes and endothelial cells.
- Inflammation triggers an expression of adhesion molecules and their ligands on endothelial cells (E-selectin, L-selectin ligands) in response to cytokines like TNF and IL-1.
- P-selectin in redistributed from intracellular stores to the cell surface in response to mediators like histamine and thrombin.
- Selectins are involved in the initial rolling of leukocytes on the vessel wall, and their ligands are sialylated oligosaccharides bound to mucin-like glycoproteins.
- Endothelial cells respond to infection and injury by secreting cytokines, which induce the expression of adhesion molecules, ensuring that leukocytes are recruited to the tissues where these stimuli are present.
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