Untitled Quiz

Plant Anatomy Drawings and Diagrams

• The book is titled "Drawings of Plant Anatomy" and was created by Dr. Bahia Abdel-Sallam Abdel-Ghaffar, a professor of Plant Physiology at Tanta University, Faculty of Science.

Plant Cell Structure

• Living cell contents: Nucleus and cytoplasm (Onion bulb scale)
  • Cell wall
  • Cell membrane
  • Peripheral cytoplasm
  • Cytoplasmic strands
  • Vacuoles
  • Nucleus
• Chloroplasts: Examined in a single Elodea leaf (green chloroplasts)
• Chromoplasts: Examined in a piece of tomato fruit (different crystalline shapes)

Non-Living Cell Contents: Starch Grains

• Simple starch grains (e.g., centric hilum)
• Semi-compound starch grains (e.g., potato tuber)
• Compound starch grains (e.g., pea seeds, rice grains)
• Excentric hilum
• Rice grains
• Pea seeds
• Potato tuber

Protein Granules

• Wheat grain: Aleurone layer, pericarp + testa, starchy layers (a cross-section)
• Ricinus seed: Removing testa, pressing endosperm, mounting in oil for examining aleurone granules (globoid, cristalloid, amorphous protein)

Calcium Oxalate

• Raphides: long, needle-shaped crystals (cross-section of asparagus tuber petiole)
• Druses: cluster of small crystals (cross-section of cotton leaf)
• Rhombic shaped: (cross-section of Begnonia leaf)

Apical Meristems

• Root apex: Longitudinal section (L.S.) of Vicia faba root tip (plerome or procambium, periblem, dermatogen, calyptra or root cap)
• Shoot apex: Longitudinal section (L.S.) of seedling shoot apex (promeristem, bud primordium, leaf primordium, protoderm, ground meristem, procambium). Figures show steps in mitotic divisions.

Ground Tissues (Parenchyma)

• Shape of parenchyma cells:
  • Spherical: (e.g., tomato fruit)
  • Angular: (e.g., Rosa stem)
  • Elongated: (e.g., dicot leaf of cotton)
  • Lobed: (e.g., dicot leaf of cotton)
  • Folded: (e.g., Pinus leaf)
  • Stelar: (e.g., Canna leaf petiole)

Collenchyma Cells

• Types of collenchyma cells:
  • Angular: (e.g., Ricinus leaf petiole)
  • Cartilagenous: (e.g., Morus leaf petiole)
  • Lamellar: (e.g., Helianthus stem)
  • Lacunar: (e.g., Ricinus leaf petiole)

Sclerenchyma Cells

• Sclereids:
  • Macrosclereids
  • Brachy sclereids
  • Osteosclereids
  • Astrosclereids

Fibers (Xylary and Extra-Xylary)

• Xylary fibers (e.g., Luffa stem)
• Extra-xylary fibers (e.g., Luffa stem fibers, showing different cross-sections). Diagrams illustrates Xylem elements (vessels, tracheids, fibers, parenchyma)

Phloem

• Phloem elements: sieve tube, companion cells, fibers, parenchyma (L.S. of Luffa stem and T.S. of Zea mays stem)

Types of Vascular Bundles

• Collateral: xylem and phloem at the same radius (Open: with cambium, e.g., Helianthus stem; Closed: without cambium, e.g., Zea mays stem).
• Bicollateral: phloem on both sides of xylem
• Radial: xylem and phloem alternate in the stem, with xylem and phloem, alternated in the radius of the stem, e.g.. Vicia faba root
• Concentric: one tissue surrounds another (amphivasal: xylem surrounds phloem, or amphicribral: phloem surrounds xylem, in Polypodium and Dracena stems)

Young Dicotyledonous Plant Body

• Diagrams show a cross-section (T.S.) of Helianthus stem, highlighting epidermis, cortex (collenchyma, parenchyma, starch sheath), pericycle, vascular bundles (primary xylem, primary phloem, cambium), and pith.

Young Monocotyledonous Plant Body

• Diagrams show a cross-section of Zea mays stem and its components, including epidermis, sclerenchyma cells, ground tissues (parenchyma), closed vascular bundles, and bundle sheath.

Young Dicotyledonous Roots

• Diagrams show a cross-section of Vicia faba root, featuring the piliferous layer, cortex (parenchyma cells), endodermis, pericycle, xylem, phloem, and root hairs.

Young Monocotyledonous Roots

• Diagrams show cross-sections of Ruscus roots, including the piliferous layer, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, xylem,phloem and pith.

Leaves

• Dicot leaf: cross-section of a cotton leaf (upper and lower epidermis, palisade tissue, spongy tissue, stoma, xylem, phloem, collenchyma, and druses).
• Monocot leaf: cross-sections of Cyperus leaf (upper and lower epidermis, mesophyll tissues, vascular bundles, stomata, guard cells) and a detailed diagram of a Zea mays leaf (upper and lower epidermis, chlorenchyma, vascular bundles, stomata, guard cells, sclerenchyma fibers, parenchyma, bundle sheath). Figures also illustrate stomata in surface view.