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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of horticulture?

  • Cultivation of large trees
  • Cultivation of flowers and fruits (correct)
  • Management of soil and crops
  • Production of livestock

Which of the following best describes agronomy?

  • The principles of crop production and soil management (correct)
  • The cultivation of marine life
  • The management of perennial trees
  • The science of animal husbandry

Animal husbandry primarily aims to achieve what?

  • Enhance the quality of timber and wood
  • Obtain maximum output from livestock (correct)
  • Maximize production of fruits and vegetables
  • Improve soil health for crop yield

What role does agricultural engineering play in agriculture?

<p>Develops tools to improve crop production and husbandry (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a focus area of fishery science?

<p>Cattle breeding (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant aspect of agronomy's scope?

<p>Constant modification and development of agricultural practices (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Home science primarily focuses on what aspect of agriculture?

<p>Better utilization of agricultural produces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which definition fits an agronomist's role?

<p>A specialist studying crop production and soil management (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary objectives of tillage?

<p>To produce a satisfactory seedbed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of tillage is performed after sowing the crop?

<p>Secondary tillage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of incorporating fertilizers during tillage?

<p>To provide nutrients for plant growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which practice is NOT a benefit of tillage?

<p>Habitat for pests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between primary and secondary tillage?

<p>Primary tillage is deeper than secondary tillage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activity is considered preparatory tillage?

<p>Harrowing before planting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT listed as an objective of tillage?

<p>Provide shade for seedlings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does breaking hard pans in the soil help achieve?

<p>Enhancing root penetration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary benefits of using leguminous plants like sunhemp as green manure crops?

<p>They add nitrogen to the soil. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a limitation of green manuring?

<p>Can increase the problem of termites. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic is NOT ideal for a green manure crop?

<p>It has a slow initial growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might green manuring not be economical for wheat cultivation during the kharif season?

<p>It can lead to loss of kharif crops. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions can help in the reclamation of saline and alkaline soils through green manuring?

<p>Releasing organic acids. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of using green manure in cropping systems?

<p>It helps maintain soil's organic matter status. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contains the highest percentage of nitrogen (N)?

<p>Night soil (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is compost primarily made from?

<p>Rotted organic matter from waste (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are green manure crops typically utilized in fields?

<p>Incorporated into the soil while still green. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following manures provides the least phosphorus (P2O5)?

<p>Compost (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main component of vermicompost?

<p>Earthworms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about sewage and sludge is accurate?

<p>Sludge is the solid portion of sewage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical nitrogen content of farmyard manure?

<p>0.5% (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does delayed sowing have on the yield of crops?

<p>It reduces the yield due to early induction of flowering. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When is the optimum time for sowing most tropical crops?

<p>June or July (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method of sowing uses dry soil before the anticipated rains?

<p>Dry sowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant consequence of late sowing in crops?

<p>Heightened susceptibility to pests and diseases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the minimum amount of rainfall necessary for wet sowing to take place?

<p>20 mm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is NOT associated with reducing yields in delayed sowing?

<p>Beneficial impacts of late sowing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For temperate crops such as wheat and barley, when is the optimum sowing period?

<p>Last week of October to first week of November (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of broadcasting as a sowing method?

<p>To evenly distribute seeds across the field (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of tillage in agriculture?

<p>To mechanically manipulate soil for seed germination and plant growth (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What problem can arise from big irrigation projects?

<p>Water logging and salinity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is defined as 'tilth' in the context of tillage?

<p>The physical condition of soil achieved through tillage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'no tillage practices' refer to?

<p>Methods that eliminate clean cultivation due to energy costs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can contribute to soil compaction after crop harvest?

<p>Beating action of rain, drying irrigation, and movement of implements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is intensive cropping becoming more popular?

<p>To grow more crops on static land due to population pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Jethro Tull emphasize as necessary for effective tillage?

<p>Thorough ploughing to create fine soil particles (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is required to exploit the full yielding potential of new high-yield crop varieties?

<p>Development of a package of agricultural practices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Tillage

Mechanical manipulation of soil using tools and implements to create optimal conditions for seed germination, seedling growth, and crop yield.

Tilth

The physical condition of soil, resulting from tillage, where soil air, water, and aggregates are balanced for optimal plant growth.

Soil Compaction

Hardening and compactness of soil due to rain, irrigation, and machinery use.

Intensive Cropping

Growing multiple crops on the same land in a year to increase food production, due to static land area.

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No-Tillage Farming

Farming method that avoids disturbing the soil, replacing traditional plowing, due to increased energy costs.

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Crop Yield Potential

The maximum amount of produce a crop variety can yield, affected by various factors.

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Water Logging

A negative side effect of irrigation projects, where water collects in the soil.

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Salinity

Excess salt in the soil, caused by irrigation method, affecting crop growth.

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Purpose of Tillage

Preparing a seedbed, breaking weed, insect, and disease cycles, burying plant residues, incorporating fertilizers, and breaking the surface crust.

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Objectives of Tillage

To prepare a good seedbed, control weeds, and conserve soil and water.

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Preparatory Tillage

Tillage performed before planting a crop, from harvest to sowing.

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Primary Tillage

The initial and deepest tillage operation before a crop.

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Secondary Tillage

Tillage done after primary tillage to refine the seedbed.

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After Tillage

Tillage done after planting a crop

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Tillage Types

Tillage operations categorized by the timing of execution in relation to crop seasons: preparatory (before planting) and after (after planting).

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Seedbed Preparation

The process of creating a suitable planting area for good germination and crop growth.

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Sowing Timing Impact

The time of sowing significantly influences crop yield. Sowing too early or too late can negatively affect the crop growth and production.

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Delayed Sowing Effects

Delaying sowing beyond the ideal time reduces yield due to factors like early flowering, unfavorable temperature and rainfall, and increased pest and disease pressure.

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Optimum Sowing Time

Sowing crops at the optimal time maximizes yield by providing suitable conditions for each stage of the plant's growth.

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Tropical Crop Sowing

The optimal sowing time for most tropical crops is during the early monsoon season, usually June or July.

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Temperate Crop Sowing

Temperate crops like wheat and barley have an optimum sowing time in the late autumn, usually from the last week of October to the first week of November.

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Dry Sowing

A technique used in black soils where seeds are sown in dry soil a few days before expected rain, ensuring effective rainfall utilization.

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Wet Sowing

The most common sowing method, where seeds are planted in moist soil after receiving sufficient rainfall.

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Broadcasting Sowing

An old method where seeds are scattered evenly over the soil surface, covering a wide area.

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Farmyard Manure (FYM)

Decomposed mixture of animal dung, urine, litter, and leftover food. Contains low levels of nutrients (0.5% N, 0.2% P2O5, 0.5% K2O).

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Compost

Rotted organic matter made from waste. Contains low levels of nutrients (0.5% N, 0.15% P2O5, 0.5% K2O).

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Night Soil

Human excreta (both solid and liquid). Contains high levels of nutrients (5.5% N, 4.0% P2O5, 2.0% K2O).

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Vermicompost

Compost made with the help of earthworms. Contains moderate levels of nutrients (3.0% N, 1.0% P2O5, 1.5% K2O).

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What is Green Manure?

Crops grown specifically to improve soil's organic matter content. Their undecomposed plant material is used as manure.

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In Situ Green Manuring

Growing green manure crops in the field and incorporating them into the soil while still green.

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Green Leaf Manuring

Adding green leaves and twigs of trees, shrubs, and herbs collected from nearby locations to the soil.

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Benefits of Green Manuring

Improves soil's physical and chemical properties, maintains organic matter status, feeds beneficial soil organisms, increases water holding capacity, reduces runoff and erosion, and holds plant nutrients.

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What are the benefits of green manure?

Green manure improves soil fertility, helps in reclaiming saline or alkaline soils, and suppresses the growth of weeds. It also encourages the formation of good soil structure.

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What are the drawbacks of green manure?

Green manure is not always economical, especially when crops are lost due to the need to grow green manure crops. It can also fail in dry conditions and might attract termites.

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What are the characteristics of ideal green manure crops?

Ideal green manure crops belong to the legume family to fix nitrogen. They have a quick initial growth to suppress weeds, a large amount of leaves, and a deep root system to improve soil structure.

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How does green manure reclaim saline soil?

Green manure plants release organic acids that help neutralize the salts in the soil, improving its pH and making it suitable for crop growth.

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Horticulture

The branch of agriculture focusing on the production of flowers, fruits, vegetables, ornamental plants, spices, condiments, and beverages, including narcotic crops like opium.

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Forestry

The large-scale cultivation of trees for wood, timber, rubber, and raw materials for industries.

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Animal Husbandry

The maintenance of livestock for direct energy (work) purposes, aiming for maximum output through feeding and rearing.

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Fishery Science

The study and practice of raising marine and inland fish, including shrimp and prawns.

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Agricultural Engineering

The branch of engineering focused on providing tools and implements for efficient crop production and animal husbandry.

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Home Science

The application and utilization of agricultural products in an efficient and beneficial manner.

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Agronomy

The specialized branch of agriculture dealing with crop production and soil management, aiming to achieve high yields and income.

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Agronomist

A scientist who studies crop production and soil management, recommending practices for better yield and income.

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Study Notes

Agronomy

  • Agronomy is a specialized branch of agriculture dealing with crop production and soil management.
  • It is defined as the science and art of cultivating land, raising crops, and feeding livestock.
  • It is about the cultivation of lands for the production of crops for a regular supply of food and other needs for progress of the nation.

Subtopics

  • Agriculture: Definition, meaning, and spheres of agriculture as well as revolutions in agriculture.
  • Agronomy: Definition, meaning, and scope of agronomy.
  • Seeds and sowing: Definition and character of good seeds, classes of seeds, and methods of sowing.
  • Tillage, land configuration, and sub-soiling: Definition, objectives, classification of tillage; modern concepts in tillage, land configuration techniques, sub-soiling meaning and equipment.
  • Crop density and geometry: Types of crop geometry and factors affecting plant density.
  • Crop nutrition: Macro and micro nutrients, criteria for essentiality of nutrients, manures/compost and fertilizers, nutrient use efficiency, growth and development of crops.
  • Agro-climatic zones of India and Gujarat: Agro-climatic zones of India and Gujarat.
  • Classification of field crops: Classification of field crops (cereals, pulses, fruits, vegetables, etc.) based on usage, other criteria (e.g. reproduction), and types of crops (based on duration).
  • Drought: Definition, types of drought, effect on crop, management of drought.
  • Cropping systems: Definitions, types of cropping systems, soil fertility and soil productivity, fertility losses, and soil organic matter.
  • Irrigation: Definition, importance, role of water in plants, physical and biological classification of water, irrigation efficiency, water use efficiency, methods, and approaches for irrigation scheduling.
  • Quality of Water: Total salt concentration, Alkali hazards, Bicarbonate concentration (RSC hazard), Boron hazard, other hazards, including toxic effects.
  • Water logging: Causes, impacts, and measures to control waterlogging.
  • Seeds and sowing: Definition, characters of good seeds, quality of seed, and types of seeds. 
  • Weed: Definition, classification, characteristics, and types of weeds (based on morphology, life cycle, origin, association, and habitat).

Practices

  • The text describes various practical methods related to identification of crops, seeds, fertilizers, pesticides, tillage implements, and different methods of sowing. 

Credits

  • The total number of credits associated with this particular course.

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