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Questions and Answers
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation is known as the ______.
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation is known as the ______.
Inspiratory Capacity
The ______ is the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
The ______ is the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is referred to as ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is referred to as ______.
Residual Volume
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called ______.
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called ______.
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The ______ is measured as the sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
The ______ is measured as the sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
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In healthy individuals, the typical ______ is approximately 500 mL.
In healthy individuals, the typical ______ is approximately 500 mL.
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The maximum volume of air inhaled with each breath is known as the ______.
The maximum volume of air inhaled with each breath is known as the ______.
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Conditions such as obesity and pregnancy can decrease the ______ during exhalation.
Conditions such as obesity and pregnancy can decrease the ______ during exhalation.
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration is known as the ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration is known as the ______.
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The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration is called ______.
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration is called ______.
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The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume is known as ______.
The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume is known as ______.
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The total amount of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath is referred to as ______.
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath is referred to as ______.
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is called ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is called ______.
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The critical decrease in vital capacity begins to occur with aging, particularly after the age of ______.
The critical decrease in vital capacity begins to occur with aging, particularly after the age of ______.
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The inspiratory and expiratory centers that control ventilation are located in the ______ oblongata.
The inspiratory and expiratory centers that control ventilation are located in the ______ oblongata.
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The maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration is called ______.
The maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration is called ______.
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With aging, the alveoli begin to lose ______, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
With aging, the alveoli begin to lose ______, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
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A decrease in Vital Capacity may be found in conditions such as generalized fatigue, atelectasis, and ______.
A decrease in Vital Capacity may be found in conditions such as generalized fatigue, atelectasis, and ______.
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The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration is known as ______.
The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration is known as ______.
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A decrease in Inspiratory Capacity may indicate ______ disease.
A decrease in Inspiratory Capacity may indicate ______ disease.
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The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is termed ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is termed ______.
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Functional Residual Capacity may be increased with ______.
Functional Residual Capacity may be increased with ______.
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FRC is calculated using the formula FRC = ERV + ______.
FRC is calculated using the formula FRC = ERV + ______.
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Residual Volume is a component of Functional Residual Capacity and can be decreased in conditions such as ______.
Residual Volume is a component of Functional Residual Capacity and can be decreased in conditions such as ______.
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Study Notes
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (VT/TV): The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath, averaging 500 mL; generally remains constant even in disease states.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum additional air that can be inhaled after a normal breath, approximately 3000 mL.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum air exhalable after normal exhalation, around 1100 mL; may decrease with restrictive conditions like obesity or pregnancy.
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs post-maximal exhalation, estimated at 1200 mL; can increase with obstructive diseases.
Lung Capacity
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total volume of air exhaled from maximal inspiration, about 4600 mL; decreases with conditions such as neuromuscular disease, atelectasis, COPD, and obesity.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Volume of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration, roughly 3500 mL; a decrease may suggest restrictive disease.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air left after normal expiration, around 2300 mL; can be increased in COPD and decreased in ARDS and obesity.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air volume in lungs after maximum inhalation, about 5800 mL; can decrease due to restrictive diseases like atelectasis and pneumonia, while it may increase in COPD.
Respiratory Regulation
- Resting respiration occurs at a rate of 12-20 cycles per minute, regulated by the phrenic nerve stimulating respiratory muscles.
- Inspiratory and Expiratory Centers: Located in the medulla oblongata and pons, regulate breathing rate and depth based on metabolic demands.
- Apneustic Center: Promotes deep, prolonged inspirations by stimulating the inspiratory medullary center.
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Found in the aortic arch and carotid arteries; primarily respond to changes in arterial oxygen (PaO2), then to carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and pH levels.
- Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla; monitor cerebrospinal fluid for changes in pH related to blood chemistry, adjusting breathing accordingly.
Aging and Lung Function
- Vital capacity peaks between ages 20 and 25, gradually declining thereafter.
- Alveolar changes after 40 reduce surface area for gas exchange; loss of alveolar elasticity begins around age 50.
- Decline in vital capacity can be attributed to reduced chest wall mobility with age.
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Description
This quiz tests your knowledge on lung volumes and capacities, including tidal volume, inspiratory, and expiratory reserve volumes. Evaluate your understanding of vital capacity and total lung capacity among other related terms. Perfect for students studying respiratory physiology.
