Podcast
Questions and Answers
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation is known as the ______.
The maximum volume of air that can be inhaled after a normal exhalation is known as the ______.
Inspiratory Capacity
The ______ is the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
The ______ is the volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly after a normal exhalation.
Expiratory Reserve Volume
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is referred to as ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a maximum exhalation is referred to as ______.
Residual Volume
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called ______.
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation is called ______.
The ______ is measured as the sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
The ______ is measured as the sum of the expiratory reserve volume and the residual volume.
In healthy individuals, the typical ______ is approximately 500 mL.
In healthy individuals, the typical ______ is approximately 500 mL.
The maximum volume of air inhaled with each breath is known as the ______.
The maximum volume of air inhaled with each breath is known as the ______.
Conditions such as obesity and pregnancy can decrease the ______ during exhalation.
Conditions such as obesity and pregnancy can decrease the ______ during exhalation.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration is known as the ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration is known as the ______.
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration is called ______.
The maximum amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal inspiration is called ______.
The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume is known as ______.
The volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after the expiration of a normal tidal volume is known as ______.
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath is referred to as ______.
The total amount of air that can be exhaled after taking a deep breath is referred to as ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is called ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after normal expiration is called ______.
The critical decrease in vital capacity begins to occur with aging, particularly after the age of ______.
The critical decrease in vital capacity begins to occur with aging, particularly after the age of ______.
The inspiratory and expiratory centers that control ventilation are located in the ______ oblongata.
The inspiratory and expiratory centers that control ventilation are located in the ______ oblongata.
The maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration is called ______.
The maximum volume of air exhaled from the point of maximum inspiration is called ______.
With aging, the alveoli begin to lose ______, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
With aging, the alveoli begin to lose ______, reducing the surface area for gas exchange.
A decrease in Vital Capacity may be found in conditions such as generalized fatigue, atelectasis, and ______.
A decrease in Vital Capacity may be found in conditions such as generalized fatigue, atelectasis, and ______.
The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration is known as ______.
The maximum volume of air inhaled after normal expiration is known as ______.
A decrease in Inspiratory Capacity may indicate ______ disease.
A decrease in Inspiratory Capacity may indicate ______ disease.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is termed ______.
The volume of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration is termed ______.
Functional Residual Capacity may be increased with ______.
Functional Residual Capacity may be increased with ______.
FRC is calculated using the formula FRC = ERV + ______.
FRC is calculated using the formula FRC = ERV + ______.
Residual Volume is a component of Functional Residual Capacity and can be decreased in conditions such as ______.
Residual Volume is a component of Functional Residual Capacity and can be decreased in conditions such as ______.
Flashcards
Tidal Volume (VT/TV)
Tidal Volume (VT/TV)
Volume of air inhaled/exhaled with each breath (≈500 mL) and remains constant.
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Maximum additional air inhaled after a normal breath (≈3000 mL).
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Maximum air exhalable after normal exhalation (≈1100 mL).
Residual Volume (RV)
Residual Volume (RV)
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Vital Capacity (VC)
Vital Capacity (VC)
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Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
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Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
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Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
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Inspiratory/Expiratory Centers
Inspiratory/Expiratory Centers
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Apneustic Center
Apneustic Center
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Peripheral Chemoreceptors
Peripheral Chemoreceptors
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Central Chemoreceptors
Central Chemoreceptors
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Study Notes
Lung Volumes
- Tidal Volume (VT/TV): The volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath, averaging 500 mL; generally remains constant even in disease states.
- Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV): Maximum additional air that can be inhaled after a normal breath, approximately 3000 mL.
- Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV): Maximum air exhalable after normal exhalation, around 1100 mL; may decrease with restrictive conditions like obesity or pregnancy.
- Residual Volume (RV): Air remaining in lungs post-maximal exhalation, estimated at 1200 mL; can increase with obstructive diseases.
Lung Capacity
- Vital Capacity (VC): Total volume of air exhaled from maximal inspiration, about 4600 mL; decreases with conditions such as neuromuscular disease, atelectasis, COPD, and obesity.
- Inspiratory Capacity (IC): Volume of air that can be inhaled after normal expiration, roughly 3500 mL; a decrease may suggest restrictive disease.
- Functional Residual Capacity (FRC): Volume of air left after normal expiration, around 2300 mL; can be increased in COPD and decreased in ARDS and obesity.
- Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total air volume in lungs after maximum inhalation, about 5800 mL; can decrease due to restrictive diseases like atelectasis and pneumonia, while it may increase in COPD.
Respiratory Regulation
- Resting respiration occurs at a rate of 12-20 cycles per minute, regulated by the phrenic nerve stimulating respiratory muscles.
- Inspiratory and Expiratory Centers: Located in the medulla oblongata and pons, regulate breathing rate and depth based on metabolic demands.
- Apneustic Center: Promotes deep, prolonged inspirations by stimulating the inspiratory medullary center.
- Peripheral Chemoreceptors: Found in the aortic arch and carotid arteries; primarily respond to changes in arterial oxygen (PaO2), then to carbon dioxide (PaCO2) and pH levels.
- Central Chemoreceptors: Located in the medulla; monitor cerebrospinal fluid for changes in pH related to blood chemistry, adjusting breathing accordingly.
Aging and Lung Function
- Vital capacity peaks between ages 20 and 25, gradually declining thereafter.
- Alveolar changes after 40 reduce surface area for gas exchange; loss of alveolar elasticity begins around age 50.
- Decline in vital capacity can be attributed to reduced chest wall mobility with age.
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