Lung diagnostics and ventilation

Respiratory Key Terms

• Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a life-threatening lung condition that severely impairs breathing
• ARDS occurs when fluid accumulates in the alveoli of the lungs, hindering the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide
• Adventitious breath sounds are abnormal lung sounds heard alongside normal breath sounds
• Air trapping is an abnormal condition where the lungs cannot fully exhale air, leading to excess air build-up, shortness of breath, and chest tightness
• Airway remodeling involves persistent structural changes in the airways due to chronic inflammation and injury
• Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) is a protein made in the liver that protects the lungs
• Anoxia is a condition characterized by a total lack of oxygen
• Aspiration is the accidental inhalation of foreign substances like food, liquids, or saliva into the lungs
• Diffusion is the process of oxygen exchange during ventilation and carbon dioxide waste across alveolar-capillary membranes
• Dyspnea refers to shortness of breath or difficulty breathing
• Emphysema is a lung disease that damages air sacs (alveoli), causing them to lose elasticity and enlarge, thus impairing breathing
• Expectorate describes ejecting mucus, sputum, or fluids from the respiratory tract by coughing or clearing the throat
• Exercise-induced asthma (EIA) triggers airway narrowing during physical activity
• Expiration which means to exhale breath
• Fibrosis involves the build-up of excessive fibrous connective tissue or scar tissue in an organ or tissue
• Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) measures how much air a person can forcefully exhale in the first second
• Aspiration pneumonia is due to lung infection from specific substances entering the lungs
• Peripheral cyanosis involves a bluish skin discoloration on extremities caused by poor circulation and lack of oxygen
• Phlegm is thick mucus produced by the lungs and upper airways that can be coughed up
• Pleural effusion is abnormal fluid build-up between the lungs and chest wall
• Pleural friction rub is a rough, grating chest sound indicating inflammation of the pleura
• Pneumonia is a lung infection causing inflammation in the alveoli leading to fluid and pus accumulation and breathing difficulty
• Pneumothorax occurs when air enters the space between the lung and chest wall, putting pressure on the lung
• Pulmonary edema involves fluid accumulation in the lungs, thus making breathing difficult
• Pulmonary embolus occurs when a blood clot blocks arteries in the lungs

Respiratory Key Terms - Continued

• Asthma is a chronic lung condition causing airway inflammation and narrowing, thus making breathing difficult
• Atelectasis is the partial or complete collapse of the lung
• Atopic refers to a genetic predisposition towards hypersensitivity or allergic reactions to common allergens
• Atypical pneumonia is a lung infection caused by atypical bacteria or viruses
• Auscultation involves using a stethoscope to listen to body sounds during a physical exam
• Barrel chest refers to the abnormal rounding of the chest cavity and fixed, expanded ribs
• Bronchiectasis involves damage to the bronchial tubes due to inflammation
• Capillary refill measures how quickly blood returns to capillaries after applying pressure
• Central cyanosis is the generalized bluish discoloration of the body and mucous membranes
• Centriacinar emphysema is a chronic lung disease that damages the respiratory passageways in the upper lobes of the lungs
• Forced vital capacity (FVC) measures the maximum amount of air forcefully exhaled after taking the deepest breath
• Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) occurs when stomach contents move up into the esophagus (heartburn)
• Hemoptysis is the coughing up of blood or bloody mucus from the respiratory tract
• Hepatization is the process where lung tissue converts into a solid, liver-like substance
• Hyaline membrane is a layer of dead cells and proteins lining the alveoli of the lungs
• Hypercapnia indicates an excessive amount of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream
• Hypoxemia means there are low levels of oxygen in the blood
• Hypoxia means the body tissues are not receiving enough oxygen
• Impaired diffusion occurs when gas exchange in the lungs is not efficient
• Insidiously describes a disease that comes on slowly and without obvious symptoms
• Pulsus paradoxus is an abnormally large drop in systolic blood pressure during inhalation which indicates serious heart or lung condition
• Pursed lip breathing is a technique where one inhales slowly through the nose and exhales slowly through pursed lips
• Residual volume (RV) measures the volume of air remaining after a maximum forceful exhalation
• Resistance refers to the opposition to airflow through the airways
• Respiration is the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide during breathing
• Retractions refer to an inward pulling of the skin and soft tissues between the ribs during inhalation
• Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that occurs when the body’s immune system overreacts to an infection
• Sputum is a thick, sticky fluid produced in the lungs and airways
• Status asthmaticus is severe, life-threatening asthma

Respiratory Key Terms - Continued

• Total lung capacity (TLC) measures the maximum air volume the lungs can hold after a full inhalation
• Type I alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange
• Type II alveolar cells in the lungs play a vital role in lung function and repair
• Ventilation is the process of moving air in and out of the trachea, bronchi, and lungs
• Respiratory failure is the inability of the lungs to get enough oxygen into the blood and remove enough carbon dioxide
• Surfactant is a chemical that reduces surface tension
• Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) is caused by a harmful trigger
• For ventilation, the process of acquiring oxygen through inhalation while removing carbon dioxide through expiration of the blood
• Crackles are short, explosive, discontinuous lung sounds often associated with pulmonary disorders
• Cyanosis is the bluish-purple discoloration of the skin, lips, or nail beds due to lack of oxygen in the blood
• Cystic fibrosis (CF) causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the airways, affecting various organs
• Diffusing capacity measures how well the lungs move gas from the air into the blood
• Mucus plugs accumulate in the lungs and reduces airflow in the airways
• Nosocomial infections are healthcare associated infections a person receives in a healthcare setting while receiving care
• Orthopnea is shortness of breath that occurs when lying down or reclining, but is relieved by sitting up
• Oxygen saturation (SaO2) measures the percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is bound to oxygen
• Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2) is a molecule in the blood that is formed when oxygen fully binds to hemoglobin
• PaCO2 is partial pressure of carbon dioxide which evaluates C02 levels in blood
• Panacinar emphysema destroys the lungs alveolar sacs
• Ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) mismatching is when the amount of air doesn't match blood, resulting in low oxygen levels
• Vital capacity (VC) measures the maximum expiratory volume

Respiratory Objectives

• Defense mechanisms that protect the lungs from environmental injury:
• Protective structures: Hairs & turbinates trap particles in the nose
• Mucosal lining: Warms & humidifies air in upper & lower airways
• Irritant receptors: Cause sneeze or cough reflex to remove particles
• Immune protections: Macrophages remove other foreign materials via phagocytosis
• Intercostal muscles & ribs: Surround the lungs and provide protection against injury
• ventilation is acquiring oxygen by inspiration & removing carbon dioxide by expiration
• Chemoreceptors help control the amount of oxygen & carbon dioxide during ventilation
• If blood is acidic, the respiratory center increases to blow off excess carbon dioxide
• Diffusion is how oxygen & carbon dioxide are exchanged where Oxygen goes to cells while CO2 escapes the body through the lungs
• Inspiration & expiration are the acquiring & removing of fluids
• To Identify the measures of ventilation: tidal volume , vital capacity, forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second, residual volume, total lung capacity
• Tidal volume (TV): amount of air that is exhaled after a passive inspiration, with adults being 500mL
• Vital Capacity (VC): Maximum amount of air that can be moved in and out of the lungs with forced inhalation and exhalation.
• Forced Vital Capacity (FVC): Maximum amount of air that is exhaled from the lungsduring a forced exhalation.
• Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1): Maximum amount of air that can beexpired from the lungs in one second.
• Residual Volume (RV): Volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum expiration.
• Total Lung Capacity (TLC): Total amount of air in the lungs when they are maximallyexpanded and is the sum of the VC and RV.
• Diffusion is the process of Oxygen & Carbon Dioxide being exchanged at the alveolar capillaries through 2 processes:
• Oxygen goes to try to get to all cells
• Carbon dioxide tries to escape the lungs and body
• Effectiveness of Diffusion depends on pressure (the partial pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the blood)
• Solubility is based on the partial pressure of Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide in the blood
• Partial pressure is when Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide exert a reasonable estimate
• Oxygen Diffuses & Transports when increased and oxygen connects with hemoglobin in cells
• It is crucial to protect yourself from impaired ventilation by allowing air to pass freely

Impaired Ventilation

• Impaired Ventilation: Problem blocking airflow
• Compression or narrowing of airways
• Disruption of neural transmissions stimulates mechanisms of breathing
• Mechanical ventilation moves air in and out of the lungs of clients who can't breathe on their own
• Can be avoided through endotracheal/tracheostomy tube for invasive mechanical ventilation or nasal plugs for non-invasive mechical ventilation
• Impaired diffusion is when oxygen or carbon dioxide cross the alveolar-capillary membrane
• Adaptations in breathing:
• Eupnea is 10-20 breaths per minute depending on the rate of breathing & gas exchange
• Tachypnea is rapid & shallow breathing due to body releasing & responding to excess C02/ pneumonia, or other center difficulties
• Apnea is cessation of breathing for 10+ seconds, resulting from brain injury
• Hyperpnea/ Hyperventilation increases rate resulting in possible brain injury & aspirin OD
• Patients also have decreased levels of blood
• Bradypnea lowers ventilation by Drug-induced depression
• Cheyne-Stokes alternates between in a crescendo-decrescendo pattern
• ataxic breathing combines any breathing patterns together above, caused by brain head damage Impaired ventilation-perfusion matching, and why ventilation and perfusion must be matched. Impaired ventilation: Not enough oxygen enters the lungs even though the blood can carry the available oxygen Impaired perfusion: There is restricted blood to the cells, but oxygen comes inside

Imparied Ventialtion

• Hypoxemia: A conditions where the oxygen is lower
• Caused by COPD/ Heart Failure
• Hypoxia: Don't have enough in the tissues
• General manifestations of Impaired ventilation and diffusion
• Local manifestations: triggered in airways & lung tissues that result from infection, cough, pain & mucus in those areas
• systemic manifestations: Cyanosis
• Signs of of altered ventilation and diffusion: -Sputum observed by expectorating spit and mucus, resulting in coughing up blood -Dyspnea: Shortness of breath
• Chest pain, Barrel chest
• Cyanosis
• Be able to describe the following adventitious lung sounds, and identify when they may be present: crackles, wheezing, rhonchi, stridor, diminishedbreath sounds, and absent breath sounds.
• crackles: when fluid accumulates
• Wheezing for obstructions & tightness
• Diminshed for quieter breaths that are audible only
• Absent for complete obstructions
• PFI: non-invasive to check for oxygen

Diagnosts

• ABG determines degree of those imbalances & arterial blood sample
• Pulse oximetry: Non invasive test to measure oxygen saturation.
• Bronchoscopy: used to take biopsy, remove foreign objectives
• Cardiograph / CT to detect structural problems
• V/Q lung scans: to detectPE
• Culture Senstivity test tests for blood that has been dictated treated
• Thoracentesis: detect certain microorganism
• Altered Diffusions treatment:
• Medication and anti-inflammatory
• Humidification to aid with stickiness
• Decongestant- shrink certain membranes
• Oxygen supplementation: give direct treatment
• Srugical such a tonisllectomy

Diagnositc Criteria

• Inflammation in the lungs
• The most common cause of death is older age etc
• The most common cause is microorganism leading to infection
• Nosocomial: Hospitial acquired
• Areas that can be seen are chest/typical pneumonia
• Types of Pneumonia: aspiration pneumonia, bacterial/atypical
• Atypical: heavy
• Clinical manifestation: chils, souden fever, crackles, fatigue, dyspnea, confusion
• diagnostic aid: identify bacterial infection
• chest CT identify tumprs etc
• goals: ventilation and diffusion
• administer antibiotic,therapy
• chest therapy

Obstructive Pumonary Disease

• COPD is the problems
• Emphesema is when airspace in enlarged
• The most common is airway instruction and alpha 1
• clinical: heavy smokers,
• barrel chest
• PFT levels in nonsmokers
• Treatments: allow activiies on daily life
• Drug thereapy, cessation of sputm
• chonic brnochitis: causes infections
• Clinical: prolonged and weezing
• Hypoxemia : abgs indicate a low
• treatment: bronichitos

Asthma

• causes inflammation intermitent -exact reason, hyopersensitive reactions, increased edema in airways
• clinical asthma: is symptom free or depends on inflammation
• Diagnosis:
• check triggers,
• evaluate asthma
• Treatment: test and facilitate treatement

Cylstic Fibrosis

• autosomal
• Most people affected by age ten that have average survival
• CAuses
• The gene of a particular arm is mutated to become unfictionial
• thick secretions impaire respiratory of Gl clinical: recurring mucus and other abnormalites
• test for sweat, or genetic CF
• treatment: maximizing nutrients
• avoiding and promote dialtaion
• treating fat and other things

Respiratory Syndrome

• Condition of immune responses
• ARD damanges blood vessels to cause inflmmation or impaire blood flow
• Clinical restlenles/symptoms

Ateclastisis

• A condtion of Aterioles
• COmpersion/destrutions /obstructions
• Destrutinions

Cardio Term

• Aldosterone: regulated BP and balance fluid
• Alter Perfusion lack adequate oxygen at levels
• Anaphylatic shock immune hypersensitivity respons Anemia reduced oxygen Aneryisms: weakened vessel by expanding with pressure Cor pulmonale chronic condition circuatlion oxygen and nutrients for heart
• Infractione- blcoked bloodlow causing h=damage
• Renin- Regulating BP
• Repolarization: hear cells restating e
• Stenois narrowing prevention
• PAtent =OPen artery to blood
• Aricular Fibrilation Atria beat too fast Vntiaular Contant ==Start of OCR for page 27== ABS

This quiz covers lung diagnostic tests, obstructive lung disease assessment, and treatments for altered ventilation, including asthma. It explores the effectiveness of different tests and the use of medications like antibiotics. The quiz further looks into procedures like thoracentesis.