Podcast
Questions and Answers
A patient presents with a persistent cough, weight loss, and chest pain. Imaging reveals a centrally located lung tumor strongly associated with smoking. Which type of lung cancer is MOST likely?
A patient presents with a persistent cough, weight loss, and chest pain. Imaging reveals a centrally located lung tumor strongly associated with smoking. Which type of lung cancer is MOST likely?
- Large cell carcinoma
- Small cell lung cancer
- Squamous cell carcinoma (correct)
- Adenocarcinoma
Why is distinguishing between small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) significant in clinical practice?
Why is distinguishing between small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) significant in clinical practice?
- Because treatment strategies and prognoses differ significantly between the two types. (correct)
- Because the types have different appearances under a microscope.
- Because NSCLC is always curable, whereas SCLC is not.
- Because SCLC only occurs in smokers, while NSCLC does not.
Which diagnostic procedure involves examining a sample of coughed-up material under a microscope to detect cancerous cells?
Which diagnostic procedure involves examining a sample of coughed-up material under a microscope to detect cancerous cells?
- Mediastinoscopy
- Bronchoscopy
- Sputum cytology (correct)
- Needle biopsy
A patient with no history of smoking is diagnosed with lung cancer. Which subtype of non-small cell lung cancer is MOST likely?
A patient with no history of smoking is diagnosed with lung cancer. Which subtype of non-small cell lung cancer is MOST likely?
Which of the following is the MOST critical factor contributing to the development of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?
Which of the following is the MOST critical factor contributing to the development of small cell lung cancer (SCLC)?
Why is staging performed after a lung cancer diagnosis?
Why is staging performed after a lung cancer diagnosis?
Which of the following symptoms, if experienced by a patient, would warrant further investigation for potential lung cancer, even in the absence of other risk factors?
Which of the following symptoms, if experienced by a patient, would warrant further investigation for potential lung cancer, even in the absence of other risk factors?
Which of the following imaging techniques is LEAST likely to be used in the initial diagnosis of lung cancer?
Which of the following imaging techniques is LEAST likely to be used in the initial diagnosis of lung cancer?
A patient is diagnosed with lung cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant organs. According to the TNM staging system, which component is directly addressed by the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes?
A patient is diagnosed with lung cancer that has spread to nearby lymph nodes but not to distant organs. According to the TNM staging system, which component is directly addressed by the presence of cancer in the lymph nodes?
Which of the following is a factor that does not directly determine the treatment approach for lung cancer?
Which of the following is a factor that does not directly determine the treatment approach for lung cancer?
Which intervention provides the most significant reduction in lung cancer risk for an individual who is a current smoker?
Which intervention provides the most significant reduction in lung cancer risk for an individual who is a current smoker?
An individual with a 30 pack-year smoking history quit smoking 10 years ago. They are currently 58 years old. According to the guidelines, are they a candidate for lung cancer screening?
An individual with a 30 pack-year smoking history quit smoking 10 years ago. They are currently 58 years old. According to the guidelines, are they a candidate for lung cancer screening?
Which of the following complications of lung cancer is characterized by fluid build up in the space between the lungs and chest wall?
Which of the following complications of lung cancer is characterized by fluid build up in the space between the lungs and chest wall?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer experiences a severe drop in white blood cell count. Which of the following treatment modalities would best address this specific complication?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancer experiences a severe drop in white blood cell count. Which of the following treatment modalities would best address this specific complication?
What is the primary goal of palliative care in the treatment of lung cancer?
What is the primary goal of palliative care in the treatment of lung cancer?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between lung cancer stage at diagnosis and prognosis?
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between lung cancer stage at diagnosis and prognosis?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia reports sudden muscle cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. Initial lab results show elevated potassium and uric acid levels. Which oncologic emergency is MOST likely occurring?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia reports sudden muscle cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. Initial lab results show elevated potassium and uric acid levels. Which oncologic emergency is MOST likely occurring?
A patient with lymphoma is starting chemotherapy. To prevent a potential complication, the physician prescribes allopurinol. What is the MOST likely rationale for this prescription?
A patient with lymphoma is starting chemotherapy. To prevent a potential complication, the physician prescribes allopurinol. What is the MOST likely rationale for this prescription?
A patient with acute leukemia has a critically low platelet count and is at high risk for bleeding. What nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient with acute leukemia has a critically low platelet count and is at high risk for bleeding. What nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma develops mucositis. The patient reports severe pain when eating. Which intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma develops mucositis. The patient reports severe pain when eating. Which intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient undergoing treatment for leukemia is prescribed filgrastim. What laboratory value should the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of this medication?
A patient undergoing treatment for leukemia is prescribed filgrastim. What laboratory value should the nurse monitor to evaluate the effectiveness of this medication?
What is the MOST important instruction to provide a patient with neutropenia who is undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia?
What is the MOST important instruction to provide a patient with neutropenia who is undergoing chemotherapy for acute leukemia?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma expresses concern about hair loss. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for lymphoma expresses concern about hair loss. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient undergoing treatment for acute leukemia is scheduled for a platelet transfusion. What assessment finding would MOST directly indicate the need for this intervention?
A patient undergoing treatment for acute leukemia is scheduled for a platelet transfusion. What assessment finding would MOST directly indicate the need for this intervention?
A patient with lymphoma reports persistent fatigue that is interfering with daily activities. What is the MOST appropriate nursing recommendation?
A patient with lymphoma reports persistent fatigue that is interfering with daily activities. What is the MOST appropriate nursing recommendation?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia expresses feelings of sadness and hopelessness. What is the MOST appropriate initial nursing action?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for leukemia expresses feelings of sadness and hopelessness. What is the MOST appropriate initial nursing action?
A patient reports a change in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, and persistent abdominal discomfort. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate as an initial step?
A patient reports a change in bowel habits, rectal bleeding, and persistent abdominal discomfort. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate as an initial step?
When educating a patient about colorectal cancer screening options, which statement accurately describes the key difference between a colonoscopy and a flexible sigmoidoscopy?
When educating a patient about colorectal cancer screening options, which statement accurately describes the key difference between a colonoscopy and a flexible sigmoidoscopy?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for colorectal cancer develops mucositis. Which dietary modification is MOST appropriate to recommend?
A patient undergoing chemotherapy for colorectal cancer develops mucositis. Which dietary modification is MOST appropriate to recommend?
A patient with advanced colorectal cancer is experiencing significant pain. Besides administering analgesics, what non-pharmacological intervention could a nurse implement to enhance pain management?
A patient with advanced colorectal cancer is experiencing significant pain. Besides administering analgesics, what non-pharmacological intervention could a nurse implement to enhance pain management?
A patient is scheduled for a colonoscopy. Which instruction regarding bowel preparation should the nurse emphasize?
A patient is scheduled for a colonoscopy. Which instruction regarding bowel preparation should the nurse emphasize?
A patient who underwent colorectal cancer resection with an ostomy is concerned about body image. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
A patient who underwent colorectal cancer resection with an ostomy is concerned about body image. Which nursing intervention is MOST appropriate?
During a follow-up appointment, a colorectal cancer survivor reports persistent fatigue. What should the nurse prioritize?
During a follow-up appointment, a colorectal cancer survivor reports persistent fatigue. What should the nurse prioritize?
What is the BEST approach for a nurse to provide emotional support to a patient newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer?
What is the BEST approach for a nurse to provide emotional support to a patient newly diagnosed with colorectal cancer?
A patient with colorectal cancer is considering participating in an advance care planning session. What key aspect of palliative care should the nurse emphasize when explaining the purpose of this session?
A patient with colorectal cancer is considering participating in an advance care planning session. What key aspect of palliative care should the nurse emphasize when explaining the purpose of this session?
A nurse is reviewing the care plan for a patient receiving palliative care for colorectal cancer. Which intervention is MOST aligned with the goals of palliative care?
A nurse is reviewing the care plan for a patient receiving palliative care for colorectal cancer. Which intervention is MOST aligned with the goals of palliative care?
What is the MOST important information to emphasize when educating patients about modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer?
What is the MOST important information to emphasize when educating patients about modifiable risk factors for colorectal cancer?
A patient's screening colonoscopy reveals several precancerous polyps, which are removed. What follow-up recommendation should the nurse reinforce?
A patient's screening colonoscopy reveals several precancerous polyps, which are removed. What follow-up recommendation should the nurse reinforce?
A patient with colorectal cancer develops chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to recommend?
A patient with colorectal cancer develops chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy. Which intervention is MOST appropriate to recommend?
What is the primary goal of survivorship care for patients who have completed treatment for colorectal cancer?
What is the primary goal of survivorship care for patients who have completed treatment for colorectal cancer?
A patient undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer expresses concerns about the cost of medications. Which nursing action is MOST appropriate?
A patient undergoing treatment for colorectal cancer expresses concerns about the cost of medications. Which nursing action is MOST appropriate?
A patient undergoing hormonal therapy for breast cancer reports experiencing frequent hot flashes and night sweats. What is the MOST appropriate nursing recommendation?
A patient undergoing hormonal therapy for breast cancer reports experiencing frequent hot flashes and night sweats. What is the MOST appropriate nursing recommendation?
A patient who underwent a mastectomy is at risk of developing lymphedema in the affected arm. Which intervention is MOST crucial for the nurse to include in the patient's discharge teaching to prevent this complication?
A patient who underwent a mastectomy is at risk of developing lymphedema in the affected arm. Which intervention is MOST crucial for the nurse to include in the patient's discharge teaching to prevent this complication?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer develops neutropenia. What is the MOST important instruction the nurse should provide to prevent infection?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for breast cancer develops neutropenia. What is the MOST important instruction the nurse should provide to prevent infection?
A breast cancer patient reports persistent fatigue that interferes with performing daily activities. What strategy should the nurse recommend to help the patient manage this fatigue?
A breast cancer patient reports persistent fatigue that interferes with performing daily activities. What strategy should the nurse recommend to help the patient manage this fatigue?
A patient undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer experiences skin irritation and burns in the treatment area. What should the nurse advise the patient to do?
A patient undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer experiences skin irritation and burns in the treatment area. What should the nurse advise the patient to do?
A patient who has completed treatment for breast cancer expresses concerns about body image and self-esteem due to surgical changes. What is the MOST appropriate nursing intervention?
A patient who has completed treatment for breast cancer expresses concerns about body image and self-esteem due to surgical changes. What is the MOST appropriate nursing intervention?
A patient on targeted therapy for breast cancer develops diarrhea. Which dietary modification should the nurse suggest to help manage this side effect?
A patient on targeted therapy for breast cancer develops diarrhea. Which dietary modification should the nurse suggest to help manage this side effect?
During a routine follow-up appointment, a breast cancer survivor reports experiencing anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST appropriate?
During a routine follow-up appointment, a breast cancer survivor reports experiencing anxiety and difficulty sleeping. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving chemotherapy is scheduled to receive education regarding potential side effects. Which statement BEST describes the information the nurse should prioritize?
A patient receiving chemotherapy is scheduled to receive education regarding potential side effects. Which statement BEST describes the information the nurse should prioritize?
A patient who had a mastectomy is preparing to go home. What information ensuring continuity of care should the nurse emphasize during discharge teaching?
A patient who had a mastectomy is preparing to go home. What information ensuring continuity of care should the nurse emphasize during discharge teaching?
What is the most important role a nurse plays in the early detection of prostate cancer?
What is the most important role a nurse plays in the early detection of prostate cancer?
Which of the following topics is most important for a nurse to include when educating a prostate cancer patient newly prescribed hormone therapy?
Which of the following topics is most important for a nurse to include when educating a prostate cancer patient newly prescribed hormone therapy?
Which intervention is most appropriate for a nurse to recommend to a prostate cancer patient experiencing persistent fatigue related to their treatment?
Which intervention is most appropriate for a nurse to recommend to a prostate cancer patient experiencing persistent fatigue related to their treatment?
A patient who underwent a radical prostatectomy is now reporting urinary leakage. What should the nurse recommend?
A patient who underwent a radical prostatectomy is now reporting urinary leakage. What should the nurse recommend?
A prostate cancer patient reports constipation following treatment. What should the nurse recommend?
A prostate cancer patient reports constipation following treatment. What should the nurse recommend?
What is the most important pre-operative teaching point a nurse should emphasize to a patient scheduled for a radical prostatectomy?
What is the most important pre-operative teaching point a nurse should emphasize to a patient scheduled for a radical prostatectomy?
A nurse is caring for a prostate cancer patient experiencing pain. What should the nurse do first?
A nurse is caring for a prostate cancer patient experiencing pain. What should the nurse do first?
A patient is considering active surveillance as a treatment option for prostate cancer. What information is most important for the nurse to convey?
A patient is considering active surveillance as a treatment option for prostate cancer. What information is most important for the nurse to convey?
What information is most important for the nurse to include when teaching a patient about skin care during external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)?
What information is most important for the nurse to include when teaching a patient about skin care during external beam radiation therapy (EBRT)?
A patient undergoing hormone therapy for prostate cancer reports experiencing hot flashes that are interfering with their daily life. Which of the following nursing recommendations is MOST appropriate?
A patient undergoing hormone therapy for prostate cancer reports experiencing hot flashes that are interfering with their daily life. Which of the following nursing recommendations is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer develops a decreased white blood cell count. What should the nurse prioritize when educating the patient?
A patient receiving chemotherapy for advanced prostate cancer develops a decreased white blood cell count. What should the nurse prioritize when educating the patient?
A patient is considering active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer and asks the nurse about the purpose of frequent PSA tests. What is the MOST appropriate response?
A patient is considering active surveillance for low-risk prostate cancer and asks the nurse about the purpose of frequent PSA tests. What is the MOST appropriate response?
A patient diagnosed with prostate cancer expresses feelings of anxiety and fear about the impact of the disease on his sexual function. What is the nurse's MOST appropriate initial intervention?
A patient diagnosed with prostate cancer expresses feelings of anxiety and fear about the impact of the disease on his sexual function. What is the nurse's MOST appropriate initial intervention?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST important for the nurse to report to the healthcare provider when caring for a patient receiving brachytherapy for prostate cancer?
Which of the following assessment findings would be MOST important for the nurse to report to the healthcare provider when caring for a patient receiving brachytherapy for prostate cancer?
How should the nurse individualize care for a patient who has body image concerns related to hormone therapy-induced gynecomastia?
How should the nurse individualize care for a patient who has body image concerns related to hormone therapy-induced gynecomastia?
What is the MOST important aspect for the nurse to assess when evaluating the effectiveness of pain management interventions for a patient with prostate cancer?
What is the MOST important aspect for the nurse to assess when evaluating the effectiveness of pain management interventions for a patient with prostate cancer?
Which intervention should the nurse prioritize for a patient on long-term hormone therapy to minimize the risk of osteoporosis?
Which intervention should the nurse prioritize for a patient on long-term hormone therapy to minimize the risk of osteoporosis?
What is the MOST appropriate nursing action to support a patient who is having difficulty adhering to the active surveillance schedule?
What is the MOST appropriate nursing action to support a patient who is having difficulty adhering to the active surveillance schedule?
Which of the following is NOT a typical administration method for intraperitoneal chemotherapy?
Which of the following is NOT a typical administration method for intraperitoneal chemotherapy?
A patient receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy reports increased abdominal pain and fever. What is the MOST likely immediate concern?
A patient receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy reports increased abdominal pain and fever. What is the MOST likely immediate concern?
Why is intrathecal chemotherapy often preferred over systemic chemotherapy for treating cancers that have spread to the central nervous system (CNS)?
Why is intrathecal chemotherapy often preferred over systemic chemotherapy for treating cancers that have spread to the central nervous system (CNS)?
An Ommaya reservoir is implanted to facilitate which type of chemotherapy administration?
An Ommaya reservoir is implanted to facilitate which type of chemotherapy administration?
Which route of chemotherapy administration is designed to directly target cancer cells within the abdominal cavity, commonly used for ovarian and colorectal cancers?
Which route of chemotherapy administration is designed to directly target cancer cells within the abdominal cavity, commonly used for ovarian and colorectal cancers?
A patient with leukemia is receiving intrathecal methotrexate. What is the PRIMARY rationale for choosing this route of administration?
A patient with leukemia is receiving intrathecal methotrexate. What is the PRIMARY rationale for choosing this route of administration?
When evaluating a patient receiving targeted cancer therapy, what factor should be considered a key indicator of treatment effectiveness?
When evaluating a patient receiving targeted cancer therapy, what factor should be considered a key indicator of treatment effectiveness?
Which statement BEST describes the purpose of using targeted cancer therapies?
Which statement BEST describes the purpose of using targeted cancer therapies?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how intra-arterial chemotherapy reduces systemic toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapy?
Which of the following is the MOST accurate description of how intra-arterial chemotherapy reduces systemic toxicity compared to traditional chemotherapy?
A patient with osteogenic sarcoma is being considered for intra-arterial chemotherapy. What is the PRIMARY advantage of using intra-arterial chemotherapy over systemic chemotherapy in this scenario?
A patient with osteogenic sarcoma is being considered for intra-arterial chemotherapy. What is the PRIMARY advantage of using intra-arterial chemotherapy over systemic chemotherapy in this scenario?
A patient is scheduled to receive intra-arterial chemotherapy for liver cancer via an implanted infusion pump. What is the PRIMARY nursing responsibility related to the implanted pump?
A patient is scheduled to receive intra-arterial chemotherapy for liver cancer via an implanted infusion pump. What is the PRIMARY nursing responsibility related to the implanted pump?
Which type of cancer is LEAST likely to be treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy, based on arterial access and tumor location?
Which type of cancer is LEAST likely to be treated with intra-arterial chemotherapy, based on arterial access and tumor location?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of regular physical activity in cancer prevention?
Which of the following statements BEST describes the role of regular physical activity in cancer prevention?
A community health nurse is designing an educational program on cancer prevention. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing cancer risk related to sun exposure?
A community health nurse is designing an educational program on cancer prevention. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing cancer risk related to sun exposure?
A nutritionist is advising a patient on dietary changes to reduce cancer risk. Which dietary recommendation reflects the MOST current guidelines for cancer prevention?
A nutritionist is advising a patient on dietary changes to reduce cancer risk. Which dietary recommendation reflects the MOST current guidelines for cancer prevention?
A patient reports noticing a new, irregular mole on their skin. According to the recommendations for early cancer detection, what is the MOST appropriate initial action?
A patient reports noticing a new, irregular mole on their skin. According to the recommendations for early cancer detection, what is the MOST appropriate initial action?
What is a primary advantage of using an Ommaya reservoir for intraventricular chemotherapy administration compared to repeated lumbar punctures?
What is a primary advantage of using an Ommaya reservoir for intraventricular chemotherapy administration compared to repeated lumbar punctures?
A patient undergoing intrathecal chemotherapy suddenly develops a severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness. What is the MOST likely complication?
A patient undergoing intrathecal chemotherapy suddenly develops a severe headache, fever, and neck stiffness. What is the MOST likely complication?
Which of the following is a PRIMARY goal of intravesical bladder chemotherapy?
Which of the following is a PRIMARY goal of intravesical bladder chemotherapy?
A patient receiving intravesical chemotherapy reports experiencing painful urination and increased urinary frequency. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate?
A patient receiving intravesical chemotherapy reports experiencing painful urination and increased urinary frequency. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate?
What is the MAIN advantage of intravesical chemotherapy over systemic chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer?
What is the MAIN advantage of intravesical chemotherapy over systemic chemotherapy for superficial bladder cancer?
A patient undergoing intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer develops hematuria. What is the initial nursing intervention?
A patient undergoing intravesical chemotherapy for bladder cancer develops hematuria. What is the initial nursing intervention?
A patient is scheduled to receive external beam radiation therapy. What teaching point is MOST important for the nurse to include?
A patient is scheduled to receive external beam radiation therapy. What teaching point is MOST important for the nurse to include?
What is the PRIMARY difference between external beam radiation and brachytherapy (internal radiation)?
What is the PRIMARY difference between external beam radiation and brachytherapy (internal radiation)?
Which of the following pathophysiological processes in septic shock contributes MOST directly to the development of lactic acidosis?
Which of the following pathophysiological processes in septic shock contributes MOST directly to the development of lactic acidosis?
A patient in septic shock is exhibiting hypotension despite aggressive fluid resuscitation. What is the MOST likely combination of factors contributing to this persistent hypotension?
A patient in septic shock is exhibiting hypotension despite aggressive fluid resuscitation. What is the MOST likely combination of factors contributing to this persistent hypotension?
In septic shock, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is disrupted. Which statement best describes the imbalance that occurs?
In septic shock, the balance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses is disrupted. Which statement best describes the imbalance that occurs?
A patient with a confirmed infection is suspected of developing septic shock. Which cluster of vital sign abnormalities would MOST strongly suggest the early stages of septic shock?
A patient with a confirmed infection is suspected of developing septic shock. Which cluster of vital sign abnormalities would MOST strongly suggest the early stages of septic shock?
Which of the following mechanisms directly leads to widespread edema formation in patients with septic shock?
Which of the following mechanisms directly leads to widespread edema formation in patients with septic shock?
Flashcards
Cancer in situ
Cancer in situ
Describes cancer confined to its place of origin.
T (Tumor) in TNM Staging
T (Tumor) in TNM Staging
Used to describe the size and extent of the primary tumor.
N (Nodes) in TNM Staging
N (Nodes) in TNM Staging
Indicates if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
M (Metastasis) in TNM Staging
M (Metastasis) in TNM Staging
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Targeted Therapy
Targeted Therapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Palliative Care
Palliative Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pleural Effusion
Pleural Effusion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lung Cancer
Lung Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Types of Lung Cancer
Types of Lung Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Leading cause of Lung Cancer
Leading cause of Lung Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lung Cancer Diagnosis Methods
Lung Cancer Diagnosis Methods
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hematologic Cancers
Hematologic Cancers
Signup and view all the flashcards
Common Symptoms
Common Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neutropenia
Neutropenia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antiemetics
Antiemetics
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mucositis
Mucositis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Alopecia
Alopecia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neutropenic Precautions
Neutropenic Precautions
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
Tumor Lysis Syndrome (TLS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Colorectal Polyps
Colorectal Polyps
Signup and view all the flashcards
CRC Symptoms
CRC Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pain Management
Pain Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bowel Management
Bowel Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nausea/Vomiting Management
Nausea/Vomiting Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Fatigue Management
Fatigue Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nutritional Support
Nutritional Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Modifiable Risk Factors
Modifiable Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
CRC Screening Options
CRC Screening Options
Signup and view all the flashcards
CRC Treatment Options
CRC Treatment Options
Signup and view all the flashcards
Follow-Up Care
Follow-Up Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nursing Assessment
Nursing Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Palliative Pain Management
Palliative Pain Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Spiritual Care
Spiritual Care
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Cancer
Breast Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Self-Exam
Breast Self-Exam
Signup and view all the flashcards
Symptom Management
Symptom Management
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lymphedema
Lymphedema
Signup and view all the flashcards
Psychosocial Support
Psychosocial Support
Signup and view all the flashcards
Breast Assessment
Breast Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pneumonitis
Pneumonitis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prostate Cancer
Prostate Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Prostate Cancer Screening
Prostate Cancer Screening
Signup and view all the flashcards
DRE and PSA Testing
DRE and PSA Testing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urinary Symptoms
Urinary Symptoms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Radical Prostatectomy
Radical Prostatectomy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urinary Incontinence
Urinary Incontinence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pelvic Floor Exercises
Pelvic Floor Exercises
Signup and view all the flashcards
EBRT
EBRT
Signup and view all the flashcards
Brachytherapy
Brachytherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hormone Therapy (ADT)
Hormone Therapy (ADT)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anti-Androgens
Anti-Androgens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Active Surveillance
Active Surveillance
Signup and view all the flashcards
Psychosocial impact of prostate cancer
Psychosocial impact of prostate cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sexual Dysfunction Resources
Sexual Dysfunction Resources
Signup and view all the flashcards
Medical History in Assessment
Medical History in Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Pain Assessment Scales
Pain Assessment Scales
Signup and view all the flashcards
Functional Status Assessment
Functional Status Assessment
Signup and view all the flashcards
Carcinogens
Carcinogens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Canada's Dietary Guidelines
Canada's Dietary Guidelines
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physical Activity & Cancer Prevention
Physical Activity & Cancer Prevention
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancer Screening
Cancer Screening
Signup and view all the flashcards
Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy
Intra-arterial Chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Advantage of Intra-arterial Chemo
Advantage of Intra-arterial Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intra-arterial chemotherapy
Intra-arterial chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemotherapy Side Effects
Chemotherapy Side Effects
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Targets of Intraperitoneal Chemo
Targets of Intraperitoneal Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
IP Chemo Administration
IP Chemo Administration
Signup and view all the flashcards
IP Chemo Risks
IP Chemo Risks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Chemo
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancers Treated with IT/IV Chemo
Cancers Treated with IT/IV Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
Challenge to CNS Chemotherapy
Challenge to CNS Chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Chemo Benefits
Intrathecal/Intraventricular Chemo Benefits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ommaya Reservoir
Ommaya Reservoir
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemo Complications (Intrathecal/Intraventricular)
Chemo Complications (Intrathecal/Intraventricular)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intravesical Bladder Chemotherapy
Intravesical Bladder Chemotherapy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Purpose of Intravesical Chemo
Purpose of Intravesical Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
How Intravesical Chemo is given
How Intravesical Chemo is given
Signup and view all the flashcards
Potential Complications of Intravesical Chemo
Potential Complications of Intravesical Chemo
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Radiation
External Radiation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Septic Shock
Septic Shock
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cytokines in Septic Shock
Cytokines in Septic Shock
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endothelial Damage in Septic Shock
Endothelial Damage in Septic Shock
Signup and view all the flashcards
Coagulation Cascade in Septic Shock
Coagulation Cascade in Septic Shock
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hypotension in Septic Shock
Hypotension in Septic Shock
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
- Cancer is more common among women between 20-59, especially breast and thyroid cancer.
- Nearly 40% of breast cancer cases are diagnosed in women aged 30-59.
- In all other age groups, cancer is more common in men.
Prevalence, Incidence, and Death Rates of Cancer in Canada
- Prevalence means the number of people living with a cancer diagnosis.
- Prevalence is often defined as patients alive 10 years post-diagnosis.
- Nearly one in two Canadians (45% male, 45% female) will develop cancer.
- One in four Canadians (26% male, 23% female) will die from cancer.
- Cancer was the leading cause of death in Canada in 2017, accounting for 30% of deaths.
- In 2019, the top 5 cancer death causes (lung, colorectal, pancreas, breast, prostate) were over 50% of all cancer deaths.
- Lung cancer is still the leading cause of premature death from cancer.
- Known risk factors, besides tobacco, are excessive body weight, physical inactivity, unhealthy eating habits, alcohol, and sun exposure.
- Pancreatic cancer is expected to be the third deadliest cancer in Canada, surpassing breast cancer.
- Lung cancer incidence and death rates for females are decreasing.
- Female breast cancer death rates have decreased approximately 48% since peaking in 1986.
- Survival rates for blood-related cancers have greatly increased since the 1990s.
Biological Processes in Cancer
- Two major dysfunctions in cancer are defective cellular proliferation and differentiation.
- Cell proliferation starts in the stem cell and begins when it enters the cell cycle.
- Cancer cells in tissue culture show loss of contact inhibition, breaching boundaries to grow abnormally.
- Cancer cells proliferate at the same rate as normal cells but respond differently to intracellular signals.
- Cell division in cancer is dysregulated and haphazard, leading to continuous proliferation.
- Tumour mass doubles with each cell division, i.e. pyramid effect; doubling time is the time required for the tumour to double.
- After cell mutation, the cell can die (apoptosis), repair itself, or survive and pass on damage, potentially becoming malignant.
- Cancer cells produce telomerase, preventing telomere shortening, enabling cells to bypass senescence & death, promoting immortalization.
- Cellular differentiation involves stable and orderly phasing out of cellular potential; differentiated cells don’t dedifferentiate under normal conditions.
- Proto-oncogenes encourage growth, while tumor suppressor genes, like tumor protein 53, suppress growth.
- Tumors are either benign or malignant; benign neoplasms are well-differentiated & malignant neoplasms are undifferentiated. Malignant cells can invade and metastasize.
Benign vs Malignant Neoplasms
- Benign neoplasms are usually encapsulated, normally differentiated, metastasis is absent, recurrence is rare, vascularity is slight, mode of growth is expansive, cell characteristics are normal to the parent cells.
- Malignant neoplasms are rarely encapsulated, undifferentiated, metastasis is frequently present, possible recurrence, vascularity is moderate to market, mode of growth is infiltrative and expansive, cell characteristics bear resemblance to the parent cells.
Cancer Development Stages
- Initiation involves a cell's genetic mutation from inheritance, DNA replication errors, or carcinogen/radiation exposure; women with BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes have a 40-85% breast cancer risk.
- Promotion is reversible proliferation of altered cells, with a 1 to 40-year latency period.
- Progression is the final stage characterized by increased tumor growth rate, invasiveness, and metastasis.
Immune System's Role
- The immune system can distinguish normal from abnormal cells.
- The immune system may reject infected organs.
- Lymphocytes check cell surface antigens, detecting and destroying cells with abnormal antigenic determinants.
- Cytotoxic T cells play a dominant role resisting tumor growth.
- NK cells directly lyse tumor cells spontaneously.
- Monocytes and macrophages are important in tumor immunity.
- TNF causes hemorrhagic necrosis of tumors and exerts cytocidal/cytostatic actions.
- B lymphocytes produce antibodies, destroying tumor cells via complement fixation & lysis.
Classification Systems for Cancer
- Anatomical classification: tumors are identified by tissue of origin, anatomical site, and behavior.
- Carcinomas originate from embryonal ectoderm (skin, glands) and endoderm (mucous membrane linings of respiratory, GI, genitourinary tracts).
- Sarcomas originate in connective tissue (fat, muscle, blood vessels, nerves, bones, cartilage).
- Lymphomas and leukemias originate from the hematopoietic system.
- Historical Analysis: cell appearance and differentiation degree (4 grades):
- Grade 1: Cells slightly differ from normal, well differentiated
- Grade 2: Cells are more abnormal, moderately differentiated.
- Grade 3: Cells are very abnormal, poorly differentiated
- Grade 4: Cells are immature, primitive, undifferentiated; difficult to determine cell origin.
- Extent of disease - a classification is termed staging:
- Stage 0: cancer in situ.
- Stage I: tumor limited to tissue of origin; localized tumor growth.
- Stage II: limited local spread.
- Stage III: extensive local and regional spread.
- Stage IV: metastasis.
- TNM classification system represents clinical staging, using Tumor size (T), spread to lymph Nodes (N), and Metastasis (M).
- Nurses play a role in cancer prevention and detection; early intervention increases survival rates.
- Nurses use surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, and biological therapy to treat cancer.
- Reduce/eliminate carcinogen exposure (cigarette smoke, sun), eat well (Canada's Dietary Guidelines), get regular exercise (30 min, 5x/week), maintain healthy weight, limit alcohol (1-2 drinks/day), know your body, follow screening guidelines, and know warning signs.
Seven Warning Signs of Cancer
- Remember the acronym CAUTION
- Change in bowel or bladder habits
- A sore that does not heal
- Unusual bleeding or discharge
- Thickening or lump
- Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
- Obvious change in wart or mole
- Nagging cough or hoarseness
Chemotherapy
- Chemotherapy methods include oral, intramuscular intravenous, intracavitary(pleural, peritoneal), intrathecal, intra-arterial, perfusion, continuous infusion and subcutaneous delivery
- Chemotherapy types
- Alkylating Agents: Damage DNA, causing cell death or inhibited division
- Antimetabolites: Interfere with synthesis of DNA, inhibiting enzymes.
- Antitumor antibiotics: affect DNA function & transcription.
- Plant alkaloids (Mitotic inhibitors): interrupt cell replications in Mitosis.
- Nitrosoureas: Break DNA helix and interferes with DNA Replication.
- Cortiocosteriods: Disrupt the cell membrane and inhibit synthesis of protein; decreases circulating lymphocytes.
- Hormone Therapy: interfere with hormone receptors and proteins, inhibiting tumour growth. Aromatase inhibitors inhibit estrogen and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator (SERM) selectively modulates estrogen receptors
- Miscellaneous: Destroys exogenous supply of L-asparagine. Anti-estrogens used in breast cancer and suppresses mitosis ant interphase.
Specialized Chemotherapy
- Intra-arterial chemotherapy delivers treatment directly to tumors via feeding arteries to treat osteogenic sarcoma, and head, neck, brain, bladder, liver, and cervical cancers.
- The common administration technique involves surgically placing a catheter that is connected to either an external infusion pump, or an implanted infusion pump.
- Benefits include reduced systemic toxicity, and side effects.
- Side effects depend on agent/tumor location and the patient.
- Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy delivers agents into the peritoneal cavity, and targets peritoneal metastases, and malignant ascites
- Short-term delivery is via Silastic catheters (Tenckhoff, Hickman, or Groshong catheters) inserted percutaneously or surgically in the peritoneal cavity; the long-term is via Implanted port for repeated chemotherapy drug administration
- Potential Complications: - Abdominal Pain - Catheter-Related Issues: Occlusion (Blockage), Dislodgement, or Migration - Infection
- Intrathecal and Intraventricular Chemotherapy is used to treat cancers metastasized to the CNS (breast, lung, gastrointestinal, leukemia, lymphoma) as the blood-brain barrier prevents conventional chemotherapy drugs from reaching the CNS effectively.
- Intrathecal Involves a Lumbar Puncture (Spinal Tap) and injecting chemotherapy drugs directly into the subarachnoid space
- Ommaya reservoir: is surgically implanted through the skull into a lateral ventricle of the brain, ensuring better drug distribution, eliminating repeated lumbar punctures, and bypassing the blood-brain barrier
- Complications of intrathecal or intraventricular chemotherapy include meningitis and leukoencephalopathy
- Intravesical bladder chemoterapy helps patient with superfical transisional cell bladder cancert that experience reoccurence, which promotes destruction, reduces dysfunction and improves sexual dysfunction
- It delivers the drugs directly to the bladder using an urinary catheter, and retained for 1-3 hours
- potential complications are painful or difficult urination, increased urinary frequency, hematuria (blood in urine) - bladder spasms
Radiation
- Radiation is the emission and distribution of energy, which produces ionization and excitation when absorped,
- That results in generation of free radicals that break chemical bonds in DNA, which may lead to lethal or sublethal damage.
- Cancers are vulnerable to such due to the effects of cumulative radiation doses because they are less capable of repairing sublethal damage than are normal cells.
- Cellular death related to radiation is defined as an irreversible loss of proliferative capacity.
- External radiation (external beam radiation therapy) directs beams from outside the body to target cancer; internal (brachytherapy) places radioactive material inside body near cancer.
- Tumour radiosensitivity is defined as highly radiosensitive, moderate radiosensitivity, mild radiosensitivity, poor radiosensitivity. High is Hodgkin's disease or Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, moderate is breast or skin carcinoma, mild is colon adenocarcinoma, poor is malignant tumours
- Radiation is measured using Unit, Cuire (Ci), Roentgen (R), measurement and Gray (Gy).
- Some common manageable conditions or systems are Gastrointestinal System, Hematological system, ntegumentary system or Skin reactions
Nursing Management of Conditions Caused by Radiation Therapy
- Stomatitis, mucositis, esophagitis may use artificial salvia to increase the occurance/ reduce the severity of oral mucositis/ Apply topical anaesthetics
- Nausea and Vomiting should administer antiemetics, and use diversional activities
- Anorexia should encourage small and more frequent meals.
- Haemetological System includes moninting hemoglobin and hematocrit levels and WBC counts
- integmentary system should suggest ways to cope with hair loss
- Genitourinary system should moniter mannifestations such as frequency or haematuria
- Nervous system may administer steroids and pain medications
Biological and Targeted Therapy
- They come in the form of Cytokines, immunomodulators, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibody to CD20 and Angiogensis onhibitor
Diagnostic Criteria for Sepsis
- Requires infection detected with alterations to mental status, fever, heart rate above 90 beats/min, hyperglycaemia, hyoptherima, significant endema and tachypnea or elevated C-protein, procalcitonin or white blood cell count
Sepsis
- Life-threatening syndrome that injures tissues and exaggeration to microogrnaisms
Septic Shock
- A subset of Sepsis with persistant hypotensions and clinical criteria
- Requires quick diagnosis and promote treatment through fluids/antibiotics
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
Overview of lung cancer, a leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. Categorized into small cell (SCLC) and non-small cell (NSCLC) types, with NSCLC being more common. NSCLC subtypes include adenocarcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and large cell carcinoma.
