Lung Cancer Surgical Techniques Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a common risk associated with surgery for lung cancer?

Hypertension

Bleeding (correct)

Nausea

Anemia

What is the main purpose of using a bronchoscope during brachytherapy?

To monitor heart rate

To visualize the lungs (correct)

To secure consent

To provide anesthesia

Which surgical technique is considered minimally invasive for lung cancer?

Open thoracotomy

Gamma knife surgery

Video Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS) (correct)

Brachytherapy

What nursing management issue is a significant concern after lung surgery?

Dyspnea Signup and view all the answers

What additional protective measure is indicated during chemoradiation therapy?

Wearing a lead apron Signup and view all the answers

Which complication may arise from the adjacency of the lungs and trachea during treatment?

Esophagitis Signup and view all the answers

When preparing a patient for brachytherapy, what is a typical dietary restriction?

NPO for 8-12 hours Signup and view all the answers

What signifies Stage II of a liver tumor's progression?

The tumor has spread beyond one segment but is still within two segments. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is crucial in determining the stage of a pancreatic tumor?

Size of the tumor in relation to adjacent organs. Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes Stage IV liver cancer?

The tumor has metastasized and affects multiple organs. Signup and view all the answers

How is the endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) primarily utilized?

To inject dye for imaging the biliary and pancreatic ductal systems. Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a carcinoma in situ classification in staging?

The cancer is confined with no deeper tissue invasion. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of using platinum-based compounds in the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSLC)?

To induce cancer cell death by altering DNA structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of Docetaxel in cancer treatment for patients who are not candidates for surgery?

To inhibit mitotic spindle fiber assembly Signup and view all the answers

Which area of the stomach is most commonly affected due to exposure to gastric acid and chemicals from food?

Body and pylorus Signup and view all the answers

How does external beam radiation therapy (EBRT) potentially impact adjacent organs?

It can cause damage to the heart and other nearby organs Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributes to the common occurrence of stomach cancer?

Consumption of specific chemicals and enzymes in food Signup and view all the answers

What is typically recommended for treating unresectable tumors in the context of limited disease?

Palliative measures and chemotherapy Signup and view all the answers

What clinical situations might require the use of chemotherapy drugs as an alternative to standard surgical procedures?

Oncologic emergencies like cardiac tamponade Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary goal of palliative care in the case of metastatic stomach cancer?

To control symptoms and improve quality of life Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment modality is designated as first-line therapy for managing limited non-small cell lung cancer?

Combination of chemotherapy agents including platinum-based drugs Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the head of the pancreas?

Production of pancreatic enzymes and hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential complication of a tumor located in the head of the pancreas?

Difficulty in insulin regulation Signup and view all the answers

What is a common patient complaint regarding the barium solution used in imaging procedures?

Bitter taste and feelings of nausea Signup and view all the answers

Which preparation is essential before conducting an EGD procedure?

Ensure patient is NPO for at least 8 hours Signup and view all the answers

What side effect should patients be instructed to expect after consuming barium?

Stool changing to a white color Signup and view all the answers

Why should patients drink a lot of water after the barium solution intake?

To help eliminate the barium from the body Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential risk associated with smoking in relation to esophageal health?

Inhalation of smoke that reaches the esophagus Signup and view all the answers

What does pre-medication like atropine provide during the EGD procedure?

Prevents bleeding by providing pressure Signup and view all the answers

What step should be taken after an imaging procedure involving barium?

Monitor for potential bowel obstruction Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of an EGD procedure?

To visualize the upper gastrointestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of administering atropine before the endoscopic procedure?

To reduce secretions and prevent aspiration Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of cancer is the involvement limited to the mucosal lining without evidence of invasion?

Stage I Signup and view all the answers

What position is recommended for a patient during the endoscopic procedure to facilitate access and drainage?

Left lateral position Signup and view all the answers

According to the staging criteria, when is cancer classified as Stage III?

When there is submucosal penetration and lymph node involvement Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of local anesthesia, such as lidocaine, during the procedure?

To prevent aspiration and ease insertion of the endoscope Signup and view all the answers

How is cancer staged in the liver compared to the gastrointestinal tract?

It is divided into four segments for categorization Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended postoperative care regarding the patient's gag reflex?

NPO until the gag reflex returns Signup and view all the answers

At which stage is cancer classified when there is distant metastasis along with lymph node involvement and a large tumor size?

Stage IV Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of anxiolytics on the patient before the endoscopic procedure?

They reduce anxiety Signup and view all the answers

What complication is directly prevented by using atropine during the preparatory phase of the procedure?

Aspiration Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Lung Cancer Surgery

Surgery for lung cancer requires hospitalization.
Consent, IV line, and pre-op teaching are essential.
Patients are often NPO (nothing by mouth) for 8-12 hours pre-op.
Post-op follow-up care may last weeks to months.
General anesthesia (GA) is typically used.
Potential post-op complications include difficulty breathing, pain, and weakness.
Nursing considerations include proper positioning to prevent complications like atelectasis.
Other risks of the procedure include bleeding and infection.

Brachytherapy and Gamma Knife Surgery

Brachytherapy involves internal radiation delivery inside the lungs.
Preparation is similar to bronchoscopy, but additional protective measures like lead aprons are used.
Gamma knife surgery targets brain tumors using focused gamma rays.
It's used when lung cancer has spread to the brain.

Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery (VATS)

VATS is a minimally invasive surgical technique.
Video equipment guides the procedure.
It often involves smaller incisions.
Thoracic surgery, tumor removal assisted with a TB monitor.

Nursing Management of Chemoradiation Therapy

Watch for pulmonary complications like atelectasis, bronchospasm, or pulmonary embolism.
Monitor oxygen saturation and adjust oxygen delivery as needed.
Cardiac complications are possible, so cardiac medications may be prescribed to manage potential dysrhythmias or arrhythmias.
Monitor side effects like esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus).
Nutritional support (NGT or TPN) might be required.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Etoposide and cisplatin are mainstays for limited-stage SCLC.
Platinum-based monotherapy (single drug therapy) may be used for extensive-stage SCLC.
Treatment response, recurrence depends on time elapsed since initial diagnosis (<3 months vs. >3 months).

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

Platinum-based chemotherapy (cisplatin, carboplatin, oxaliplatin) is often a first-line treatment option.
Docetaxel may be used as a second-line treatment.
Surgery, radiation (external beam or brachytherapy), or chemotherapy may be used alone or in combination.
Treatment often depends on tumor type, stage, and patient's overall health.

Upper Gastrointestinal (UGIT) Cancer

The upper GI tract includes the esophagus, stomach, liver, and pancreas.
Risk factors for stomach cancer include exposure to gastric acid, enzymes, and chemicals from food.
Inappropriate or unbalanced diets, and eating disorders can contribute to higher risks.

Diagnostic Tests for UGIT Cancer

Barium swallow (radiological study): Fluoroscopic examination involving contrast dye (barium).
Endoscopy (EGD): Visualization of the upper GI tract using an endoscope.

Stage of Cancer

Tumor staging determines the size of the tumor and involvement of other body systems.
Staging helps guide treatment decisions.
Stage 0 is limited to the mucosal lining (no invasion) to Stage IV, indicating extensive metastasis.

Signs and Symptoms of Esophageal Cancer

Early esophageal cancer often has minimal or no symptoms.
Coughing or hoarseness, weight loss, and difficulty swallowing are potential late signs.

Surgical Management for Esophageal Cancer

Esophagectomy: Removal of the esophagus.
End-to-end anastomosis (connecting the remaining portions) following the excision.
Depending on the tumor position, different incisions may be used (chest scar, abdominal scar, neck scar).

Liver Transplant

Liver transplantation may be considered for certain patients.
Criteria (Milan Criteria) exist to determine if a patient is a good candidate, based on tumor characteristics (single, limited size).

Whipple Procedure

Whipple procedure involves removing of the head of the pancreas for pancreatic cancer.
Various parts of the pancreas, duodenum, and biliary duct are removed and reconnected.

Colorectal Cancer

Colon is divided into three portions: ascending, transverse, and descending.
Cecum is the beginning of the colon and connects to the ileum (the last part of the small intestine).

Nursing Considerations

Post-op care focuses on preventing complications (infection, bleeding).
Specific considerations may apply depending on the kind of surgery or treatment (e.g., NPO, wound care, monitoring for signs of complications).

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Description

Test your knowledge on various surgical techniques for lung cancer, including standard surgery, brachytherapy, gamma knife surgery, and video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS). This quiz covers essential pre-operative and post-operative care considerations for patients undergoing these procedures.