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Questions and Answers
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
How many lumbar vertebrae are in the vertebral column?
5
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region? (Select one)
Which of the following characteristics do not belong to the lumbar region? (Select one)
- Large size overall
- Elongated spinous process (correct)
- Blunt spinous process
- Bulky centrum
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately superior to the lumbar region?
Thoracic
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
Which region of the vertebral column is immediately inferior to the lumbar region?
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
The shape of the spinous process can be used to help determine if a vertebra is from the lumbar region.
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
The lumbar vertebrae are roughly the same size as vertebrae from the rest of the vertebral column.
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
The lumbar vertebrae are found in the lower back.
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
The lumbar vertebrae are part of the appendicular skeleton.
Which of the following cells accomplishes the process of bone resorption? (Select one)
Which of the following cells accomplishes the process of bone resorption? (Select one)
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
What is the structural unit of compact bone?
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
The structural unit of compact bone (osteon) resembles the growth rings of a tree trunk.
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged, resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? (Select one)
Which of the following refers to a bone disorder found most often in the aged, resulting in the bones becoming porous and light? (Select one)
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.
Identify the major weight bearing part of a vertebra.
Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane.
Name the vertebral projection found in a median plane.
Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
Identify the part of a vertebra that articulates immediately with the vertebra below it.
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? (Select one)
Which of the following structures would not be found within a vertebral foramen? (Select one)
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
Identify a lateral projection of a vertebra.
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ______.
The periosteum is secured to the underlying bone by ______.
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
Which structure allows the diaphysis of the bone to increase in length until early childhood?
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
What tissue forms the model for endochondrial ossification?
Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body relative to the other regions?
Which vertebrae would you expect to have the largest body relative to the other regions?
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
What is the name of the first cervical vertebra?
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
What is the name of the second cervical vertebra?
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head 'yes'.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to nod our head 'yes'.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g., shaking the head 'no'.
Identify the articulation site that allows us to rotate our head, e.g., shaking the head 'no'.
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Identify the region of the skull that articulates with the atlas.
Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select one)
Which of the following are correctly matched? (Select one)
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.
The correct order (from start to finish) of fracture repair is __________.
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? (Select one)
Which of the following hormones is currently thought to decrease plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children? (Select one)
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
PTH promotes the formation of which hormone?
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Select one)
Which of the following would NOT be a way that parathyroid hormone (PTH) could alter plasma calcium levels? (Select one)
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Study Notes
Lumbar Vertebrae
- There are 5 lumbar vertebrae in the vertebral column.
- Characteristics exclusive to the lumbar region include a blunt spinous process, large size, and bulky centrum; elongated spinous process does not belong.
- The lumbar region is situated inferior to the thoracic region and superior to the sacral region.
- Lumbar vertebrae can be identified by the shape of their spinous processes.
Vertebral Anatomy
- Lumbar vertebrae are larger than those in other vertebral regions.
- They are located in the lower back and are part of the axial skeleton, not the appendicular skeleton.
- The body's major weight-bearing part of a vertebra is known as the body.
- Each vertebra articulates with those above and below through inferior articular processes.
- The transverse process is a lateral projection of a vertebra.
Bone Structure and Disorders
- Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for breaking down bone during resorption.
- The osteon is the structural unit of compact bone, resembling tree rings.
- Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that causes bones to become porous and light, commonly affecting the aged.
- The periosteum attaches to bone via perforating (Sharpey's) fibers.
Bone Growth and Development
- The epiphyseal plate facilitates the increase in bone length during early childhood.
- Cartilage forms the model for endochondral ossification.
Cervical Vertebrae
- Atlas is the first cervical vertebra, allowing nodding motion with the occipital bone.
- Axis is the second cervical vertebra, enabling head rotation with the atlas.
- The occipital condyles of the skull articulate with the atlas.
Fracture Types and Repair
- Compound fractures occur when fractured bone ends penetrate the skin.
- Fracture repair involves hematoma formation, soft callus formation, bony callus formation, and bone remodeling.
- Calcitonin is the hormone that decreases plasma calcium levels in pregnant women and children.
- Parathyroid hormone (PTH) promotes the formation of calcitriol, which is crucial for calcium homeostasis.
Hormonal Regulation of Calcium
- PTH influences calcium levels by increasing kidney reabsorption and osteoclast activity, but it does not affect osteoblasts.
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