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Questions and Answers
What is used to determine the femoral shaft length?
What is used to determine the femoral shaft length?
What measurement is taken from the medial knee joint line?
What measurement is taken from the medial knee joint line?
What is the primary patient position recommended for taking measurements?
What is the primary patient position recommended for taking measurements?
What tool is used to mark the skin before taking measurements?
What tool is used to mark the skin before taking measurements?
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Where should the quadriceps wasting measurement be taken from?
Where should the quadriceps wasting measurement be taken from?
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What is the normal range of hip flexion?
What is the normal range of hip flexion?
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In which position should a patient be for measuring hip extension?
In which position should a patient be for measuring hip extension?
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Which of the following is true about hip abduction measurement?
Which of the following is true about hip abduction measurement?
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What is the maximum measurement for hip internal and external rotation?
What is the maximum measurement for hip internal and external rotation?
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What is the patient's position for measuring knee flexion?
What is the patient's position for measuring knee flexion?
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Which factor is NOT involved in measuring ankle dorsiflexion?
Which factor is NOT involved in measuring ankle dorsiflexion?
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What is the normal range for ankle plantarflexion?
What is the normal range for ankle plantarflexion?
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Which measurement uses the patella as the fulcrum during evaluation?
Which measurement uses the patella as the fulcrum during evaluation?
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What is the first step in measuring true leg length discrepancy?
What is the first step in measuring true leg length discrepancy?
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Which condition is likely to result in true leg length shortening?
Which condition is likely to result in true leg length shortening?
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How can you determine if the femur is longer in a limb discrepancy?
How can you determine if the femur is longer in a limb discrepancy?
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What is the correct position for measuring subtalar inversion and eversion?
What is the correct position for measuring subtalar inversion and eversion?
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What indicates an apparent leg length discrepancy?
What indicates an apparent leg length discrepancy?
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During lateral flexion testing, which method is used to measure the change in distance from standing to lateral flexion?
During lateral flexion testing, which method is used to measure the change in distance from standing to lateral flexion?
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What is the significance of measuring from the umbilicus to the medial malleoli in assessing leg length?
What is the significance of measuring from the umbilicus to the medial malleoli in assessing leg length?
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What is the range of motion for cervical side bending (lateral flexion)?
What is the range of motion for cervical side bending (lateral flexion)?
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What is the typical range of motion for trunk flexion?
What is the typical range of motion for trunk flexion?
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What is the goal of segmental leg length measurements?
What is the goal of segmental leg length measurements?
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What is the average degree of trunk extension?
What is the average degree of trunk extension?
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In assessing true leg length, what indicates a shorter lower extremity?
In assessing true leg length, what indicates a shorter lower extremity?
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In spinal flexion measurement, what is the expected distribution of motion between the thoracic and lumbar spine if the total flexion is 4 inches?
In spinal flexion measurement, what is the expected distribution of motion between the thoracic and lumbar spine if the total flexion is 4 inches?
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Which option is NOT associated with true leg length discrepancies?
Which option is NOT associated with true leg length discrepancies?
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What equipment is essential for longitudinal measurements of range of motion?
What equipment is essential for longitudinal measurements of range of motion?
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Which anatomical landmarks are used for the stationary arm when measuring the subtalar joint?
Which anatomical landmarks are used for the stationary arm when measuring the subtalar joint?
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Study Notes
Lower Limb Measurements
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Hip Flexion (115° to 125°): Patient position: supine, other leg straight. Fulcrum: greater trochanter. Stationary arm: greater trochanter and lateral superior crest of ilium. Movable arm: lateral midline of femur toward the condyle.
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Hip Extension (0-10°-15°): Patient position: prone, opposite lower extremity over the table to stabilize the pelvis. Anterior superior spines must be in contact with the table. Stationary and Movable arm positions are the same as those for hip flexion.
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Hip Abduction (0-45°): Patient position: supine. Fulcrum: inferior to anterior superior spine. Stationary arm: on a line between the anterior superior spines. Movable arm: dorsal midline of thigh toward the patella.
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Hip Adduction to Midline (45°-0°): Patient position: same as above, other leg passively or actively abducted out of the way. Fulcrum: same as abduction. Stationary arm: same as abduction. Movable arm: same as abduction
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Hip Internal and External Rotation (0-45°): Patient position: sitting, knee flexed to 90 degrees. Fulcrum: patella. Stationary arm: perpendicular or parallel to table. Movable arm: tibial crest to mid-malleoli.
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Knee Flexion and Extension (0-120°-130°): Patient position: sitting or prone, thigh supported knee free over edge or prone. Fulcrum: lateral condyle. Stationary arm: femoral lateral midline trochanter & condyle. Movable arm: lateral mid fibula toward malleolus.
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Ankle Dorsiflexion (0-20°) and Plantarflexion (0-40°-45°): Patient position: supine lying position. Fulcrum: posterior to base of fifth metatarsal. Stationary arm: on a line between fibular head and malleolus. Movable arm: lateral mid-line of 5th metatarsal.
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Subtalar Inversion (0-35°) and Eversion (0-35°): Patient position: sitting, knee in flexion foot in neutral position. Fulcrum: between both malleoli. Stationary arm: parallel to leg. Movable arm: along heads of metatarsals pivot.
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Cervical ROM: Describes different types of neck movement and their corresponding normal ranges, like flexion, extension, and rotation. Also lists the specific cervical joints involved.
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Neck Flexion: Starting and ending position: sitting with trunk well supported, neck in the anatomical position, hand placed on the lap, and shoulder joints relaxed. Axis: external auditory meatus. Stationary arm: vertical. Moving arm: aligned with nostrils.
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Neck Extension: Starting and ending position: Just as for flexion. Axis: external auditory meatus. Stationary arm: vertical. Moving arm: aligned with nostrils.
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Cervical Rotation: Starting and ending position: Just as for flexion & extension. Axis: placed over the center of the top of the head. Stationary arm: placed in the line with the acromion process of the side being measured. Moving arm: placed in the line with the tip of the nose.
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Cervical Side Bending (Lateral Flexion): Starting and ending position: sitting with trunk well supported, neck in the anatomical position, hand placed on the lap, and shoulder joints relaxed. Axis: placed over the spinous process of C7. Stationary arm: placed along the thoracic spinous processes. Moving arm: placed over the external occipital protuberance of the occipital bone. ROM: 0 - 45-60 degrees in each direction.
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Trunk ROM: Extension 20°-30°, Lateral flexion 30°, Flexion 75-90° average(80°), Rotation 45°.
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Trunk Flexion: Starting position: the tape is placed proximally on the spinous process of C7 and S1 distally. Ending position: following flexion of the vertebrae using the same landmark. Calculated difference between start and ending positions. ROM: approximately 4 inches. Difference between starting and ending positions.
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Trunk Hyperextension: Tape alignment is the same as for trunk flexion. ROM: 2 inches.
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Thoracic and Lumbar Lateral Flexion: Position: standing erect. Axis: S1 spinous process. Stationary arm: vertical. Moving arm: C7 spinous process. Stabilization: the pelvis is stabilized.
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Knee Joint as a Fixed Point: The knee joint can be used as a fixed point for measuring lateral bending
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Longitudinal Measurements: Measurement from umbilicus or xiphisternal juncture to the medial malleolus of the ankle. Use supine position with legs relaxed.
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True Leg Length Discrepancy: Determining true leg length involves placing the patient's legs in comparable positions and measuring the distance from the anterior superior iliac spines to the medial malleoli of both ankles. Unequal distances indicate a discrepancy.
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Apparent Leg Length Discrepancy: Establishing no true leg length discrepancy before testing. Apparent shortening may stem from pelvic obliquity or flexion deformity. During inspection, pelvic obliquity manifests as uneven anterior or posterior superior iliac spines.
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B-segmental Leg Length Measurements: Goal is to determine the site of shortening. Measurements from the highest point of the iliac crest to greater trochanter, greater trochanter to lateral knee joint line and medial knee joint line to medial malleolus to determine the tibial length.
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Circular Measurements: The purpose is to evaluate muscle wasting or edema. Materials needed include skin marker and measuring tape. Measurements are taken at the same place to ensure clear comparison. The "skin marker" is used to mark a precise area for consistent measurement. Ex. Quadriceps wasting measured 15 cm over superior border of the patella and for edema, a precise area must be determined and measured from a bony prominence near the area.. These measurements must include the exact distance from which they were taken.
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Description
This quiz covers the essential lower limb measurements relevant to physical therapy, focusing on hip flexion, extension, abduction, and adduction. Each measurement includes patient positioning and fulcrum placements to ensure accurate assessments. Test your knowledge on these key measurements and improve your clinical practice.
