203: Living Anatomy of the Lower limb
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Questions and Answers

What is the consequence of injuring the vastus medialis muscle?

  • Inability to flex the knee
  • Decreased balance while standing
  • Pain in the calf muscle
  • Inability to extend the knee (correct)

    • Which muscle is not part of the hamstring group?

  • Biceps femoris
  • Rectus femoris (correct)
  • Semimembranosus
  • Semitendinosus

    • What is a function of the rectus femoris muscle?

  • Extension of the knee (correct)
  • Flexion of the knee
  • Dorsiflexion of the foot
  • Plantar flexion of the foot

    • During palpation of the popliteal fossa, what structure are you trying to detect?

    <p>Popliteal vein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is not primarily involved in maintaining standing balance?

    <p>Quadriceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be the result of a dysfunction in the fibularis longus muscle?

    <p>Weakness in dorsiflexion of the foot</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the rectus femoris muscle during standing with one leg forward?

    <p>Extends the knee joint</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If the vastus medialis is injured, what consequence can occur on the patella during locomotion?

    <p>The patella would track laterally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hamstring muscle might be injured in a patient with weakness in flexion and lateral rotation of the knee?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When palpating the borders of the popliteal fossa while sitting with one leg extended, which muscle's tendon forms the upper lateral border?

    <p>Biceps femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During an isometric contraction of the hamstring muscles, which action should be performed to palpate them effectively?

    <p>Flexing your knee against resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle, along with gluteus minimus, abducts the thigh during mid stance?

    <p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of an injury to the common fibular nerve?

    <p>Loss of dorsiflexion and eversion of the foot.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle function is primarily affected by an injury to the vastus medialis muscle?

    <p>Knee extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscles are collectively known as the hamstring muscles?

    <p>Biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When palpating the popliteal fossa, what vein drainage point is located in this region?

    <p>Short saphenous vein.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is primarily responsible for maintaining standing balance when weight is on the opposite limb?

    <p>Gluteus medius.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the femur in relation to the fibula when transitioning from sitting to standing?

    <p>The femur medially rotates.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is responsible for hip flexion and knee extension, and is most commonly injured during running or kicking activities?

    <p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    After a tear of the hamstring portion of adductor magnus, which artery may be at risk due to the potential damage to the muscle?

    <p>Popliteal artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When palpating the popliteal fossa, which structure should be identified as a landmark for locating the tendons of certain leg muscles?

    <p>Lateral malleolus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle is crucial for maintaining standing balance as it helps in both inversion and eversion of the foot?

    <p>Peroneus longus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What movement would be compromised following an injury to the vastus medialis muscle, in addition to knee extension?

    <p>Knee flexion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle plays a significant role in both hip extension and knee flexion, and can be strained during activities like squatting or climbing stairs?

    <p>Semimembranosus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the rectus femoris muscle?

    <p>Hip flexion and knee extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a potential consequence of injury to the vastus medialis muscle?

    <p>Knee instability during extension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following muscles is NOT part of the hamstring group?

    <p>Rectus femoris</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When palpating the popliteal fossa, which structure are you trying to identify?

    <p>Posterior tibial artery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle plays a significant role in maintaining standing balance by stabilizing the hip joint?

    <p>Gluteus medius</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A common injury involving the hamstring muscles is a strain. Which type of contraction is most likely to lead to a hamstring strain?

    <p>Eccentric contraction while knee flexes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Gluteal Region

    • The gluteus medius muscle contracts during mid-stance to prevent pelvic drop when the opposite foot is off the ground.
    • The gluteus medius muscle can be palpated immediately superior to the greater trochanter.
    • The gluteus medius muscle, along with gluteus minimus, abducts the thigh.

    Hip Joint

    • The hip joint is a ball and socket joint that can perform a wide range of movements.
    • The movements that can be performed at the hip joint include flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, circumduction, medial (internal) rotation, and lateral (external) rotation.

    Hamstring Muscles

    • The hamstring muscles can be palpated during an isometric contraction of the muscle group, such as flexing the knee against resistance.
    • Injury to the biceps femoris muscle may result in weakness of flexion and lateral rotation of the knee.

    Popliteal Fossa

    • The borders of the popliteal fossa are formed by the tendons of the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles (upper medial border), the tendon of the biceps femoris muscle (upper lateral border), and the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle (inferior borders).
    • The popliteal artery can be palpated using both hands cuffed around the knee.

    Knee Joint

    • The knee joint is a complex hinge joint that can perform flexion and extension.
    • The femoral condyles can be palpated when the knee is flexed, and are located either side of the patella.
    • The shape of the femoral condyles provides a stable base for the locking mechanism of the knee.
    • The patella would track laterally during locomotion if the vastus medialis muscle is injured.

    Ankle and Foot

    • The ankle (talocrural) joint is formed between the tibia, fibula, and talus.
    • The movements that can be performed at the talocrural joint include dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot.
    • The tibialis anterior muscle can be palpated while dorsiflexing the foot.
    • Following a tear of the tibialis anterior muscle, the movements of dorsiflexion and inversion of the foot would be weakened.
    • Eversion and inversion of the foot occur at the subtalar joint.
    • The tendons of the tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, and extensor digitorum longus muscles can be palpated between the lateral and medial malleoli.
    • The pulse of the dorsalis pedis artery can be located on the dorsum of the foot, with the extensor hallucis longus tendon lying medial to the artery.

    Gastrocnemius Muscle and Achilles Tendon

    • The gastrocnemius muscle can be palpated while standing on tiptoes.
    • The Achilles tendon (tendocalcaneus) can be traced from the gastrocnemius muscle toward its insertion on the calcaneus.
    • The soleus and plantaris muscles also insert into the Achilles tendon.

    Tarsal Tunnel and Posterior Tibial Artery

    • The tarsal tunnel is located between the calcaneus and the medial malleolus.
    • The pulse of the posterior tibial artery can be located within the tarsal tunnel.
    • The posterior tibial artery is important for assessing peripheral circulation.

    Tibial Nerve and Tarsal Tunnel

    • The tibial nerve passes through the tarsal tunnel.
    • If the tibial nerve is injured at the tarsal tunnel, sensation would be altered on the plantar surface of the foot.

    Fibularis Longus Muscle

    • The fibularis longus muscle can be palpated on the lateral side of the leg.
    • A simple bedside test to assess the function of the fibularis longus muscle is to ask the patient to evert their foot against resistance.

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    LAUS Lower Limb with answers 2023.docx

    Description

    Test your knowledge of the lower limb anatomy with questions about muscle insertions, joint movements, and arterial supply. Identify structures and understand their functions in relation to the leg and foot anatomy.

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