Chapter 4 Pt. 2 Militarization

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Questions and Answers

What was the name of the film made about the Knapp Commission investigation?

Prince of the City (correct)

City of Lies

Corrupt City

The Knapp Affair

In which city did Frank Serpico expose corruption in the police department during the 1970s?

New York City (correct)

Los Angeles

Chicago

Miami

What happened to Eleanor Bumpers in 1984?

She was arrested for stabbing a police officer

She was shot and killed by a police officer (correct)

She exposed police corruption

She was acquitted by a jury

Who was involved in an altercation with New York City police officers in 1997, leading to a case of police abuse?

Abner Louima Signup and view all the answers

Who videotaped the incident of police officers beating Rodney King in Los Angeles in 1991?

A local resident Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the indictment of Officers Larry M. Powell, Timothy Wind, Theodore Briseno, and Stacey Koon?

They were acquitted Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the acquittal of the officers in the Rodney King case?

Riots in Los Angeles' black community resulting in 53 deaths Signup and view all the answers

Who were later convicted by a federal court for their involvement in the Rodney King incident?

Timothy Wind and Stacey Koon Signup and view all the answers

What did William J. Bratton bring to the LAPD when he was appointed as the new chief?

Statistical models to track crime and community outreach Signup and view all the answers

What was the percentage of white males in the LAPD in 1991 compared to 2011?

61% white and 87% male in 1991, 36% white and 81% male in 2011 Signup and view all the answers

What impact did William Hanhardt's actions have on his career?

He was arrested for stalking and robbing jewelry salesmen and sentenced to prison Signup and view all the answers

What were Jerome Finnigan's activities that led to his sentencing?

Leading a rogue band of officers involved in robberies and home invasions Signup and view all the answers

What crime was John Burge convicted of?

Perjury and obstruction of justice for lying about torturing suspects Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of police-citizen contacts resulted in the use of force between 2002 and 2008?

1.5% Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of the NYPD's 'stop, question, and frisk' tactic in 2009?

Only 6 percent of the stops resulted in arrests Signup and view all the answers

What was the ruling of Judge Shira Scheindlin regarding the NYPD's stop-and-frisk program?

She ruled that the policy was indirect racial profiling Signup and view all the answers

What was the focus of the NYPD Intelligence Division's 'Demographics Unit'?

Spied on Muslim Americans Signup and view all the answers

What type of criminal activity was uncovered within the LAPD's anti-gang unit CRASH during the Rampart Scandal?

Planting of evidence and excessive force use Signup and view all the answers

What happened to several LAPD officers implicated in the Rampart Scandal?

They were either disciplined or left the force Signup and view all the answers

What led to widespread public outrage and protests in Los Angeles in 1991?

The video capturing Rodney King being hit 33 times with police batons after being Tasered Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the manual and power tools that SWAT officers are trained to use?

Oxy-acetylene torch, rotary hammers, and lobster tools Signup and view all the answers

What is included in the selection process for the SWAT unit?

Firearms Proficiency Test and Physical Performance Test Signup and view all the answers

What is the duration of training required for LAPD SWAT operators?

2,000 hours Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of SWAT incidents were resolved with no shots fired by the officers?

90% Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical approach of SWAT officers in handling hostage situations?

"Sit, wait, and talk" Signup and view all the answers

What is a part of the training courses for SWAT officers?

Explosive Breacher Entry and Legal and Liability Management Signup and view all the answers

What are some of the non-lethal weapons that SWAT officers are trained to use?

40 mm launcher (OC, CS, etc.) and drag-stabilized shotgun Signup and view all the answers

What is a part of Phase Two of the selection process for the SWAT unit?

Rifle School Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooper assert about police officers in his argument?

They are physically unfit and lack courage. Signup and view all the answers

What is emphasized about the teamwork of SWAT officers?

They work as a unit under strict discipline. Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of hostage negotiators in relation to SWAT teams?

They handle negotiations while SWAT secures the area. Signup and view all the answers

What does Cooper's quotes from Balko (2006) reveal about some SWAT officers?

They wear disturbing shirts with macho sayings and express a desire to play war Signup and view all the answers

What does the mistaken raid on the house of the mayor of Berwyn Heights in Maryland indicate?

A mistaken SWAT raid was described, rather than successful ones that went unreported Signup and view all the answers

What is the author's criticism regarding physical fitness requirements for police officers?

Many police officers lack the physical fitness or training to qualify for military service Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the tests conducted in Illinois, Arizona, and Kentucky for police applicants?

They assess physical fitness for police academy admission Signup and view all the answers

What is the reason most patrol officers carry pistols instead of rifles?

Most police shootings occur within 10 to 20 feet where pistols are more effective Signup and view all the answers

What is required for an officer to move up to a SWAT team?

Rigorous physical fitness tests, interviews, and a review of service record Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of NIPAS's Emergency Service Team (EST)?

To handle hostage and barricade incidents, high-risk warrant service, major crime searches, and search and rescue missions Signup and view all the answers

What kind of incidents does CPD SWAT team respond to?

Hostage situations, suicidal subjects, high-risk warrant service, terrorist incidents, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of training does CPD SWAT team undergo?

Weapon retention techniques with M4 rifle and qualification with handgun in full gear under adverse conditions Signup and view all the answers

What is the frequency of training for NIPAS's Emergency Service Team (EST)?

Once a month and one full week a year Signup and view all the answers

What type of testing occurs annually for NIPAS's Emergency Service Team (EST)?

Testing for fitness as well as firearm qualification occurs annually. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

In 1999, Amadou Diallo, a West African immigrant, was shot and killed by NYPD officers after they mistakenly believed he was a serial rapist. Four officers were involved, and only one was ultimately convicted.
Diallo was unarmed, and the officers fired their weapons a total of 41 times. He died at the scene.
In 2008, Iman Morales, a naked and emotionally disturbed individual, was Tasered by the NYPD's Emergency Services Unit (ESU) after he jabbed at an officer with a fluorescent tube. He later committed suicide with another officer's gun.
Lt. Michael Pigott, the ESU commander on the scene, ordered the use of a Taser against Morales. His gun was later taken from him by investigators. Pigott then went to ESU headquarters and committed suicide with another officer's gun.
The NYPD's use of "stop, question, and frisk" led to 580,000 stops in 2009, but only 6 percent of these stops resulted in arrests. The tactic primarily targeted black and Hispanic males in their teens or early twenties.
The high-crime area of Brownsville, Brooklyn, was the focus of a significant number of pedestrian stops and searches. Males 15 to 34 made up about 11 percent of the population there but accounted for 68 percent of the stops.
Three lawsuits were filed against the NYPD's stop-and-frisk program. In the most significant case, Judge Shira Scheindlin ruled that the policy was indirect racial profiling, and she called for a federal monitor to oversee reforms within the department.
The NYPD Intelligence Division operated a unit called the "Demographics Unit," which spied on Muslim Americans. The unit mapped and infiltrated their residential, social, business, and religious institutions.
The unit's undercover officers were called "rakers," and they were instructed to identify "hot spots" in the Muslim community. The NYPD also employed "crawlers" who infiltrated mosques, religious events, and college campuses.
The surveillance activities of the Demographics Unit chilled and altered the political and religious expression of Muslims and stifled opposition to the surveillance itself. Muslims felt they were "walking on eggshells in their own safe places."
In the 1990s, the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) was found to have high levels of excessive-force complaints from a small number of officers. This led to the Rampart Scandal, in which an anti-gang unit called CRASH was found to have become a lawless gang. Criminal activity by the CRASH unit included the use of "any means necessary" to combat the gang problem and the planting of evidence. Several officers were implicated and either disciplined or left the force. Additionally, 70 other officers were investigated but were not charged. The scandal arose from an anti-gang unit known as CRASH, which was allowed to use "any means necessary" to combat the gang problem. The result was that the CRASH unit itself became a lawless gang. One officer, Raphael Perez, was found to have shot an unarmed civilian and pled guilty to stealing cocaine from an evidence locker. He then became an informant and testified that innocent people were sent to prison. Twelve LAPD officers were implicated and either disciplined or left the force. Seventy other officers were investigated but were not charged.
Rodney King was involved in a high-speed chase with law enforcement officers on a freeway in Los Angeles in 1991. He was eventually stopped, and officers tried to subdue him. He was Tasered and then hit 33 times with police batons. The officers involved in the incident were later acquitted of criminal charges. However, the incident was captured on video and sparked widespread public outrage and protests.

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Test your knowledge of the events surrounding the Los Angeles Police Department reform, including the Rodney King incident, the subsequent riots, and the appointment of William J. Bratton as the new chief.