92 Questions
What happens if a cell exceeds a certain size in relation to getting adequate nutrients and expelling waste?
It can develop into a multi-celled organism with circulatory and respiratory systems.
Which of the following is the lowest level of biological organization that can perform all activities required for life?
Cell
What is the function of epithelial tissue in the body?
Protection and lining of organs and cavities
Which type of tissue covers the outside of the body and lines organs and cavities?
Epithelial tissue
What is the function of interstitial fluid in the body?
Filling spaces between cells
Which is a specialized structure within a cell that performs a specific function?
Organelle
Why is increasing the surface area of the small intestine important for mammals?
To increase the absorption rate of nutrients
How does the presence of microvilli in the small intestine affect nutrient absorption?
It increases the absorption rate
In the absence of microvilli on the small intestine, what is predicted to happen to nutrient absorption?
Nutrient absorption will decrease
How does diffusion limit the size of an organism?
Diffusion restricts the efficiency of nutrient uptake with increased size
According to Fick’s law, how is the diffusion rate correlated to the surface area in the small intestine?
Diffusion rate is directly correlated to surface area
How does having microvilli on the small intestine counteract the limitations imposed by diffusion?
By increasing the diffusion rate for nutrients
What is the main component found in the matrix of cartilage?
Glycosaminoglycans
Which cells are responsible for producing chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix of cartilage?
Chondroblasts
How do chondrocytes contribute to maintaining the cartilage matrix?
By secreting collagen and chondroitin sulphate
What makes cartilage a strong yet flexible support material?
Collagenous fibers and chondroitin sulphate composite
Where in the human body can cartilage be found?
Nose, ears, intervertebral discs, and rib cage
What type of tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place?
Loose connective tissue
Where is fibrous (or dense) connective tissue found?
In tendons and ligaments
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone formation?
Deposits a matrix of collagen
Which cells release an acid to dissolve collagen and mineral coating of bones?
Osteoclasts
What is the mineral that combines with collagen to harden within the bone matrix?
Hydroxyapatite
Which connective tissue is described as a strong and flexible support material?
Cartilage
What is the main purpose of negative feedback loops in organisms?
To maintain a variable within a narrow range
How do positive feedback loops differ from negative feedback loops in terms of their effect on trends?
Positive feedback escalates trends
Why are variables like blood glucose levels and body temperature regulated by negative feedback loops?
To maintain them within a narrow range
In what scenario would positive feedback loops be more advantageous than negative feedback loops?
Childbirth process
What happens during childbirth that showcases the use of positive feedback loops?
Greater pressure leads to intensified contractions
Why do smooth muscles not atrophy when a person leads a sedentary lifestyle?
Negative feedback mechanisms preserve smooth muscle integrity
Epithelial cells can only be cuboidal in shape.
False
Pseudostratified epithelium always consists of multiple layers of cells.
False
Connective tissue mainly binds and supports other tissues.
True
There are six major types of connective tissue in vertebrates.
False
Adipose tissue is an example of fibrous connective tissue.
False
In pseudo-stratified epithelia, the cells are so crowded that the nuclei become aligned in one row.
False
Adipose tissue is a type of dense connective tissue that stores fat.
False
Osteoblasts mature into osteocytes as new bone is formed.
True
Cartilage is a rigid and inflexible support material.
False
Osteoclasts release an acid to dissolve calcium and phosphate ions in bones.
False
Loose connective tissue binds muscles to bones.
False
The combination of hard minerals and flexible collagen makes bone softer than cartilage.
False
Chondroblasts produce chondrocytes and the extracellular matrix of cartilage.
True
Chondrocytes are found in the matrix of cartilage, maintaining it by secreting collagen and elastin.
False
Cartilage is a rigid support material due to the presence of elastic fibers within its structure.
False
In humans, cartilage can be found in the nose, ears, and part of the rib cage only.
False
The matrix of cartilage is primarily made up of a substance called keratin sulfate.
False
Increasing the surface area of the small intestine allows for a higher diffusion rate, leading to higher absorption of nutrients.
True
Diffusion is most effective over long distances within an organism.
False
An organism's size can be limited by the effectiveness of diffusion in transporting nutrients and gases across its body.
True
The absence of microvilli on the small intestine would result in faster absorption of nutrients due to reduced surface area.
False
In the context of absorption, diffusion rate in the small intestine is inversely correlated with surface area.
False
To counteract the limitations imposed by diffusion in nutrient absorption, organisms have evolved structures like microvilli to increase surface area.
True
Positive feedback loops play a major role in maintaining homeostasis in organisms.
False
During childbirth, the pressure of the baby's head against sensors near the opening of the uterus triggers negative feedback loops.
False
Smooth muscles are more prone to atrophy than skeletal muscles when a person leads a sedentary lifestyle.
False
Negative feedback loops are commonly used by organisms to regulate variables such as blood pressure and blood pH.
True
Positive feedback brings about a gradual decline in a particular trend.
False
The failure of a set point in conditions like diabetes highlights the importance of positive feedback in maintaining homeostasis.
False
According to Fick’s law, the diffusion rate is directly correlated to the ______ area.
surface
Diffusion is effective over a very short ______.
distance
An organism's size can be limited by the effectiveness of diffusion in transporting nutrients and gases across its ______.
body
Chondrocytes are found in the matrix of ______, maintaining it by secreting collagen and elastin.
cartilage
In the absence of microvilli on the small intestine, what is predicted to happen to nutrient ______?
absorption
The matrix of cartilage is primarily made up of a substance called ______ sulfate.
keratin
Animal form and function are correlated at all levels of biological organization. Size and shape affect the way an animal interacts with its ______.
environment
The size and shape of single-cell organisms and tissues of multi-cellular organisms are associated with their capacity to exchange substances with the surrounding ______.
environment
Many different animal body plans have evolved and are determined by the ______.
genome
Animals rely on exchange with the environment to acquire nutrients and gases necessary for metabolic function and eliminate ______.
wastes
Aquatic single-celled organisms developed folds in the plasma membrane that increase its surface area, increasing the exchange ______ rate of molecules between the environment and the entire volume of the cytoplasm.
diffusion
To counteract the limitations imposed by diffusion in nutrient absorption, organisms have evolved structures like microvilli to increase surface ______.
area
Cells can loosely adhere to each other in a liquid medium, or develop into multi-celled organisms to compensate for exceeding a certain distance in __________ size
their
____________ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task
Organ
Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells that cover the outside of the body and line the organs and cavities within the body, containing cells that are closely joined together by _________ junctions
tight
Interstitial fluid fills the spaces between cells, the body fluid between blood vessels and _________
cells
Organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a certain task, while organ is a functional grouping of ________
tissues
Epithelial tissue consists of tightly packed cells that cover the outside of the body and line the organs and cavities within the body, containing cells that are closely joined together by _________ junctions
tight
In what activities are skeletal muscles involved?
voluntary motion
Smooth muscles are involved in ______ activities of the body.
involuntary
Diabetes is often associated with a lack in production of ______.
insulin
A negative feedback loop helps in controlling body ______.
homeostasis
Negative feedback loops adjust to changes in the ______ or external environment.
internal
Positive feedback loops can continue the stimulus and result in harm to the ______.
animal
Blood tissue is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma. The matrix is a liquid called plasma, consisting of water, salts, and a variety of dissolved proteins. Suspended in the plasma are erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments called thrombocytes (platelets). Blood tissue is mainly made up of blood cells and cell fragments suspended in a liquid called ______________.
plasma
Muscle tissue consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals. It is divided in vertebrate body into three types: Skeletal muscle is attached to bones and is responsible for voluntary body movement. Smooth muscle mainly lines internal organs and is responsible for involuntary body activities. Cardiac muscle is responsible for heart contraction to help pump blood throughout the body. Muscle tissue is made up of long cells called muscle fibers that can contract in response to ______________ signals.
nerve
Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits electrical signals throughout the animal. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons. Neurons have two distinct types of projections from the cell body: short, branching ______________ and long axons.
dendrites
Negative feedback loops and positive feedback loops are two types of feedback loops used by organisms to maintain internal balance. Negative feedback loops help organisms maintain a steady state regardless of changes in the external environment, also known as maintaining ______________.
homeostasis
Nervous tissue senses stimuli and transmits electrical signals throughout the animal. Nervous tissue contains neurons, or nerve cells, that transmit nerve impulses, and glial cells that help nourish, insulate, and replenish neurons. Glial cells provide support and protection for ______________.
neurons
Negative feedback loops are used by organisms to maintain a steady state or internal balance. Negative feedback loops help organisms counteract changes in the external environment and ensure the stability of internal conditions, also known as ______________.
homeostasis
Nervous tissue contains neurons and glial cells. Neurons transmit nerve impulses, while glial cells provide support and protection for neurons. Neurons have two distinct types of projections from the cell body: short, branching dendrites and long ______________.
axons
Blood tissue is composed of blood cells and cell fragments in blood plasma. The matrix is a liquid called plasma, consisting of water, salts, and a variety of dissolved proteins. Blood tissue is mainly made up of erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells) and cell fragments called thrombocytes (platelets) suspended in ______________.
plasma
Smooth muscle mainly lines internal organs and is responsible for involuntary body activities. Smooth muscle is found in many internal structures of the human systems, such as the digestive tract, urinary tract, reproductive tract, blood vessels, and others. Smooth muscle mainly lines the internal organs and is responsible for ______________ activities.
involuntary
Cardiac muscle is responsible for heart contraction to help pump blood throughout the body. Cardiac muscle is found in the heart and is under involuntary control. Cardiac muscle is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body through ______________.
contraction
Test your knowledge on loose connective tissue, which binds epithelia to underlying tissues, and adipose tissue, a type of loose connective tissue that stores fat for insulation and fuel. Learn about the structure and functions of these tissues.
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