Week 9

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Questions and Answers

What is the life expectancy for a baby girl in Australia based on recent statistics?

85.3 years (correct)

79.6 years

81.2 years

83.5 years

Which condition is reported as the leading cause of disease burden and death in Australia?

Coronary Heart Disease (correct)

Diabetes Mellitus

Stroke

Chronic Respiratory Disease

What are the two major forms of Coronary Heart Disease identified?

Heart Attack and Angina (correct)

Atrial Fibrillation and Heart Failure

Cardiomyopathy and Arrhythmia

Ischemic Stroke and Embolic Stroke

Which demographic factors are recorded as influencing longevity?

Genetic Factors and Environmental Factors Signup and view all the answers

How much money was spent on health in Australia as per the latest report?

$202.5 billion Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the total burden of disease was contributed by cancer in 2018?

18% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following chronic conditions is primarily characterized by long-lasting effects and persistence throughout a person's life?

Dementia Signup and view all the answers

In 2022, approximately how many new cases of cancer were diagnosed in Australia?

162,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is a noted trend regarding five-year cancer survival rates?

They are increasing due to improvements in detection and treatment. Signup and view all the answers

What age group experienced the highest average hospital stay due to falls?

85 years and over Signup and view all the answers

An increase in dementia cases and deaths in Australia is attributed to which demographic factor?

An aging population Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary contributor to hospitalizations among Australians aged 65 and over in 2014?

Falls Signup and view all the answers

Which type of cancer is most commonly diagnosed in males?

Prostate cancer Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australians aged 65 and older rate their health as good, very good, or excellent?

50% Signup and view all the answers

Which chronic condition is most prevalent among Australians aged 75 and older?

Arthritis Signup and view all the answers

What is the likelihood of men being diagnosed with cancer by the age of 85?

1 in 2 Signup and view all the answers

According to the ABS data, which age group has the highest percentage of individuals coping with five or more chronic diseases?

85 years and older Signup and view all the answers

What type of coping involves managing the demands of stressors that are viewed as challenging or threatening?

Problem-focused coping Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of Australians report having a disability, according to the provided data?

18% Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary appraisal in the context of stress and coping?

Assessing whether stressors are significant or benign Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Longevity

Genetic factors, environmental factors, ethnic differences, and gender differences all influence longevity
Life expectancy for a baby boy in Australia is 81.2 years and for a baby girl is 85.3 years.

5 Key Issues in Adult Health and Illness

Hospitalization rates have increased.
$202.5 billion dollars was spent on health in Australia.
COVID-19 has impacted health.

3 Common Chronic Illnesses in Older Age

Coronary Heart Disease is the leading cause of disease burden and death in Australia
- 571,000 Australians had CHD in 2020-21.
- Death rates have fallen since 1980.
Cancer contributed to 18% of the total burden of disease in 2018.
- 162,000 new cases are estimated to have been diagnosed in 2022.
- Prostate cancer is the most common in males and breast cancer in females.
- Five-year survival rates have been increasing.
Dementia is increasingly prevalent due to an aging population.
- Between 386,200 and 472,000 Australians were living with Dementia in 2021.

Health Issues and Aging

Reductions in immunity contribute to seasonal illnesses like influenza, pneumonia, and respiratory infections.
Injuries, especially falls, are more common in older age.
Chronic conditions become more prevalent with age
- 50% of Australians have one or more of the studied chronic conditions.
- 70% of Australians aged 65+ have a chronic disease.
Medication use increases with age, raising issues like pain management, effectiveness, side effects, interactions, and adherence.
Disability is more likely in older age.
Stress increases in older age due to increased stressors.

Injury

Over 100,000 hospitalizations related to falls occurred in people aged 65 and over in 2014.
Average hospital stay for falls increases with age, from 4 days for 65-69 year olds to 17 days for 85+ year olds.

Chronic Conditions

70% of Australians aged 65+ have a chronic disease.
50% of Australians aged 65-74 have 5 or more chronic diseases, increasing to 70% of those aged 85+.

Arthritis and Osteoporosis

14% of Australians have arthritis, compared to 60% of women and 42% of men 75+.
3% of Australians have osteoporosis, compared to 23% of women and 5% of men 65+.

Cardiovascular Disease

22% of Australians have CVD, compared to 54% of 65-74 year olds and 66% of 75+ year olds.
66% of heart failures and 71% of strokes occur in people aged 65+.
Those aged 65+ are 9 times more likely to have CHD than 45-54 year olds.

Cancer

Accounts for 31% of all deaths in Australia.
By the age of 85, 1 in 2 men and 1 in 3 women will have been diagnosed with cancer.

Disability

18% of Australians have a disability.
5.8% of Australians have a severe or profound disability.
53% of people aged 65+ have a disability.
20% of people aged 65+ have severe or profound activity limitation.

Model of Disability

The model focuses on the interaction between the person, their environment, and their functional health.

Functional Health and Disability

This explores the relationship between how well people function and their disability.

Medication

Older adults often require medication for various health issues.

Stress and Coping

Stress is a process of perceiving and responding to challenging or threatening events (stressors).
Coping involves managing the demands of stressful events and situations.
Adaptation describes developmental changes resulting from managing stress.

Lazarus and Folkman (1984) Model of Stress and Coping

Appraisal is the process of evaluating the significance of a stressor:
- Primary appraisal: Assessing the significance of the stressor.
- Secondary appraisal: Evaluating the resources available to cope with the stressor.
- Reappraisal: Re-evaluating the stressor and resources after initial appraisal.
Coping is the process of managing the stressor:
- Problem-focused coping: Directly addressing the stressor.
- Emotion-focused coping: Managing emotions related to the stressor.

Transactional Model of Stress

Stress occurs when demands exceed available resources for coping.
Resources for effective coping include:
- Health and energy
- Positive beliefs
- Social skills
- Material resources
- Personal control
- Social support

Age and Stress

Coping strategies change over time.
Sources of stress change over time.

Stress and Aging

We become better at coping with stress throughout the lifespan.
This is important because stressors become more common in later life (illness, death, loss).

Outcomes of Stress

Bonanno's patterns of coping:
- Chronic disruption: Ongoing struggle with stress.
- Delayed: Delayed recovery from stress.
- Recovery: Gradual return to baseline after stress.
- Resilience: Quick and sustained recovery from stress.
Resilience factors:
- Hardiness: Ability to withstand stress.
- Self-enhancement: Positive perspective on self.
- Meaning: Finding purpose in life.
- Positive emotion and laughter: Using these to cope with stress.

Chronic Stress

Results in increased cortisol secretion.
Raises blood sugar and blood pressure.
Increases inflammation and immune resistance to infection.
Suppresses telomerase activation, impacting cell division.

What Can We Do?

Postponing ill health and disease involves four strategies:
- Prevention of risk factors for ill health.
- Reduction of prevalence of risk factors before ill health occurs.
- Prevention of ill health progression after onset.
- Reduction of morbidity.

Key Risk Factors for Ill Health

Smoking
Heavy drinking
Physical inactivity
Depression
Social isolation
Fair or poor perceived health
Lack of meaning
Low mastery
Low socioeconomic status

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Description

Explore the factors influencing longevity and the key health issues faced by adults in Australia. This quiz covers genetic, environmental, and ethnic differences in life expectancy, the impact of COVID-19 on health statistics, and common chronic illnesses among the elderly. Test your knowledge on health expenditure and disease prevalence in Australia.