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Questions and Answers
¿Qué es un almacén?
Es una instalación que permite regular las diferencias entre los flujos de entrada y salida de mercancía.
¿Cuáles son algunos tipos de almacenes?
¿Qué actividades se llevan a cabo en un almacén?
Recepción de mercancía, verificación, transporte interno, almacenaje, preparación de pedidos, expedición.
¿Qué elementos intervienen en la operación de un almacén?
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¿Cuáles son los datos que se necesitan para proyectar un almacén?
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¿De qué partes consta un almacén?
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Los almacenes no desempeñan un papel en la regulación de flujos de entrada y salida de mercancía.
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¿Qué tipo de almacén se considera especializado?
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¿Qué es una unidad de carga?
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¿Cuáles son los tipos de rotación de productos en un almacén?
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La rotación de productos A implica que los productos están más tiempo en el almacén.
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¿Qué implica un flujo simple en un almacén?
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Relaciona las unidades de carga con sus definiciones:
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¿Por qué es importante el diseño de las áreas de picking?
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Un almacén demasiado ajustado puede ser óptimo para el crecimiento futuro.
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¿Qué es lo que se combina normalmente en un almacén para los productos de gran rotación?
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¿Cuáles son algunos de los criterios básicos para proyectar un almacén? (Selecciona todas las que apliquen)
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En un almacén de automoción, el fabricante tiene un stock elevado de componentes.
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¿Qué es un SGA?
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El procedimiento ___ se refiere a recibir materiales justo a tiempo para la producción.
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¿Cuál de las siguientes opciones se utiliza para productos de alto consumo? (Selecciona una)
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¿Cómo se deben clasificar los productos en un almacén?
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¿Qué función no es parte de un SGA?
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¿Cuál es la funcionalidad de los sistemas de identificación automática en un almacén?
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Los códigos de barras son utilizados para identificar solo productos, no ubicaciones.
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¿Cuáles son los estándares de codificación homologados mencionados en el texto?
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¿Qué tipo de etiqueta permite una rápida lectura sin necesidad de alineación?
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La __________ es un soporte sobre el que se deposita la mercancía.
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¿Cuál es uno de los factores clave a considerar al elegir el tamaño de una unidad de carga?
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Asocia los siguientes términos con sus respectivas definiciones:
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¿Qué es la gestión de la ubicación en un almacén?
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¿Cuál es uno de los tipos de recepción básica en un almacén?
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¿Cuál es la función del SGA en la gestión de control de stock?
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La gestión de salidas en un almacén no se ocupa de los trámites administrativos.
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¿Qué información se puede capturar durante el proceso de recepción?
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El SGA debe generar etiquetas de código de barras para todos los artículos que se __________.
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El cross-docking elimina la necesidad de almacenar mercancía.
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¿Qué permite la gestión multialmacenes?
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¿Cómo optimiza el SGA la preparación de pedidos?
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La documentación de las expediciones facilita la generación de __________.
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¿Qué característica importante tiene la tecnología de radiofrecuencia en la logística?
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¿Qué es una unidad de carga?
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¿Cuáles son las divisiones lógicas de una unidad de carga?
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El flujo dentro de un almacén siempre es simple.
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¿Qué tipo de flujo se describe cuando se suministran las mismas unidades de carga que envía el proveedor?
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¿Qué significa la rotación A-B-C en el contexto de un almacén?
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Las operaciones de ____ son las que tienen más peso en el importe total de la operativa del almacén.
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¿Qué tipo de estanterías se acostumbran a combinar en un almacén según la rotación de los productos?
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Los productos A deben ubicarse en los puntos más cercanos y accesibles del almacén.
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¿Cuál es el objetivo principal de un buen sistema de gestión de almacenes (SGA)?
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La técnica de _______ permite a un fabricante recibir componentes justo a tiempo.
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¿Qué beneficio se obtiene al utilizar un SGA en un almacén?
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¿Quién gestiona típicamente un almacén?
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¿Qué implica la ubicación aleatoria en un almacén?
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¿Cuáles son algunas de las funciones básicas de un SGA?
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¿Qué es un almacén?
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¿Cuáles son los tipos de almacenes que se pueden clasificar según la naturaleza del producto?
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¿Qué actividades se llevan a cabo en un almacén?
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¿Cuáles son los criterios de clasificación de almacenes?
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El sistema de identificación automática evita que el operario tenga que cuestionarse cada acción.
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¿Qué elementos intervienen en un almacén?
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¿Cuál de los siguientes códigos se utilizan como estándares de codificación en los sistemas de identificación?
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La maquinaria es el único elemento necesario en un almacén.
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¿Qué tecnología se utiliza para la identificación de productos por radiofrecuencia?
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Las actividades principales de un almacén incluyen la ______ de mercancía y la ______ de pedidos.
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¿Qué información es necesaria para proyectar un almacén?
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La unidad de carga se define como el conjunto de productos de pequeñas dimensiones que han de agruparse para facilitar su manejo en ________ logísticos.
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¿Cuál es el objetivo principal en la gestión de mercancías en un almacén?
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¿Cuáles son los componentes básicos de un almacén?
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¿Qué datos son imprescindibles para la gestión de flujos en un almacén?
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Las paletas son plataformas sobre las que se deposita la mercancía.
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¿Cuál es una ventaja del sistema de identificación por radiofrecuencia?
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¿Qué factores influyen en la elección del tamaño y peso de la unidad de carga?
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¿Qué se entiende por gestión de la ubicación en un almacén?
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¿Cuál de las siguientes funciones es esencial en la gestión de salidas?
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La captura de datos logísticos es solo importante en el proceso de salida de mercancía.
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¿Qué es el cross-docking?
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El SGA debe ser capaz de generar etiquetas de código de barras para todos los ________ que se almacenen.
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¿Qué tecnología se utiliza para mejorar la comunicación entre el SGA y los operarios?
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¿Cuál es una de las ventajas más importantes de la gestión del picking por parte del SGA?
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El SGA solo es responsable de la gestión de entradas de mercancía.
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Asocia las funciones del SGA con su descripción:
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Study Notes
What is a warehouse?
- A warehouse is a facility that regulates the differences between incoming and outgoing goods using storage equipment, handling equipment, human resources and management systems.
- The incoming goods are received from suppliers, manufacturing centers, etc.
- The outgoing goods are sent to production, sales, etc.
- The flows of materials between production, sales, and suppliers are often not coordinated. This is why a warehouse is necessary.
Classifying Warehouses
- A company may require one or more types of warehouses: for raw materials, semi-finished products, finished products, etc.
- Warehouses must be located based on the specific needs of their functionality and in accordance with the restrictions or possibilities of each location and its environment.
- Warehouses can be classified based on:
- The nature of the product: Products like coils, flammable goods, profiles, small materials, spare parts, perishable goods, and general-purpose warehouses.
- The building: Examples include warehouses in the open air, buildings, basements, silos, tanks, cold rooms, self-supporting warehouses (where the racking forms the framework of the building), etc.
- The flow of materials: Warehouses can be designated for raw materials, components, semi-finished products, finished goods, intermediary storage, deposit, distribution, etc.
- Location: This may include central, regional, and transit warehouses.
- Mechanization: Warehouses can be manual, conventional, or automated.
Warehouse Activities
- The main activities carried out in a warehouse include:
- Receiving goods
- Verifying goods
- Internal transport (between different areas of the warehouse)
- Storage and custody
- Order picking
- Load consolidation
- Goods dispatch
- Management and information related to stocks, flows, demand, etc.
Warehouse Elements
- Key elements to consider when designing a warehouse:
- The product to be stored
- The flow of materials or goods
- The space available
- Storage equipment (such as racking and handling equipment)
- Human factor (personnel)
- Management system
- Company policy
Data Needed to Design a Warehouse
-
Product:
- What unit(s) of load are used in the company?
- What are the dimensions and weight of the units of load?
- What quantity of product do you intend to store?
- How many references or types of products are going to be located?
- What is the product's resistance to compression and deformation?
- Is the product sensitive to the climate?
- Is the product sensitive to fire?
- What security conditions must be in place?
- What are the rotation requirements?
- Is traceability of the goods necessary?
- Is there a master article?
- Is future growth anticipated?
-
Space:
- What is the shape and dimensions of the premises?
- Are there any special features or limitations regarding access, floors, windows, pillars, manholes, installations, power lines and ducts?
- Are there any spaces adjacent to the premises that have an impact on it?
- What is the resistance of the floor?
- What are the building regulations in the area?
- Is it necessary to carry out seismic calculations?
-
Equipment:
- Are there existing shelves? If yes, what are their dimensions, quantity, and load capacity?
- Are there any lifting and transport means available? If yes, what are their dimensions, lifting height, and load capacity?
- Do you already have auxiliary elements such as boxes, pallets, etc.? What are their dimensions and characteristics?
- Is there a predisposition to acquire new storage equipment?
-
Flows and rotation:
- How will the product enter the premises, with what frequency and in what quantity?
- How will the goods be handled?
- What will be the number of orders and how many lines will each order contain?
- When will the order be prepared?
- Is it necessary to expedite orders?
- How will the product leave the premises?
- Classification and quantity.
- Is it advisable to reduce stock?
- What will be the needs for goods rotation, quarantine, etc.?
-
Management and business policy:
- How is the warehouse controlled?
- Is there already a Warehouse Management System (WMS) (software)?
- What are the available means?
- Is it necessary to streamline orders?
- Is it advisable to reduce stock?
- What is the importance of prestige to the company and on what is it based?
- Is there potential for investment?
- What location system is used?
-
Personnel:
- What is the volume of personnel available to work in the warehouse?
- What is the qualification of the personnel assigned to the premises?
- Do you work in shifts? If yes, how are they organized?
- What is the predisposition to reduce or increase the number of people and their qualifications?
Warehouse Sections
-
The simplest warehouse consists of:
- Access doors
- Free zone for maneuvering and verification
- Storage zone for placing the goods
- Control office for the management of the plant
- Toilets and changing rooms for staff.
-
A warehouse can be divided into sectors based on:
- The product being handled
- Operational work
Flow of Materials Within a Warehouse
- The stock of products and materials within a warehouse is temporary.
- All goods entering the facility must eventually be removed.
- The flow of materials through a warehouse can vary in complexity depending on the:
- Company
- Internal operations with the goods
- Quantity of goods
- Method of moving the goods
Key Warehouse Design Considerations
-
The warehouse must be designed with adequate space for:
- The ground or building
- The desired capacity
- Operational activities
- Personnel and the necessary resources
- The flow of materials
- The possibilities for future growth.
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The design of the areas within the warehouse must be decided upon with a comprehensive assessment of a company's needs and by leveraging the experience of the supplier in the implementation of logistical solutions and warehousing.
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The building's shape, contents, and access need to be in line with the client's specific needs and have the ability to expand.
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A warehouse that is too small and cannot be expanded is a mistake, unless it is a temporary installation.
What is a unit of load?
- A unit of load is the fundamental unit of storage and transport, usually on a modular support or package (box, pallet, container, etc.)
- Units of load are handled at places like general warehouses, reserve warehouses, picking warehouses, internal transport, etc.
- A single type of unit of load can be managed in the same installation, or a combination of types can be managed.
- A unit of load can be broken down into smaller units that can also be manipulated.
- The first logical subdivision results in order preparation units, which are the minimum units of a product that can be served to a customer for each reference.
- The order preparation unit can be divided into delivery units, which are groups formed by units of sale that allow for optimized use of production, distribution or marketing systems.
- If this unit does not match the order preparation unit, it means that there is a wholesaler between the supplier and the retailer.
- The packaging box that the supplier sends.
- A container where the packaging boxes sent by the supplier are placed.
- This delivery unit can also be subdivided into units of sale, which are the smallest units of a product that the consumer can buy at retail.
- The illustrations explain how units are divided and subdivided throughout the logistical life of a product.
Types of flow
- Simple flow: The simplest flow occurs when the same units of load sent by the supplier are supplied without subdivision.
- Medium flow: The flow becomes more complicated with movements such as those found in warehouses with simple picking operations, or those combined with the supply of full pallets, this flow is usually associated with the supply of full pallets.
- Complex flow: Warehouses have different work areas depending on the types of products and their consumption. They usually have intermediate handling areas and may require several operations that need flows of varying complexity.
The impact of flows on warehouse facilities
- Every flow added to the work system is an additional cost to the overall process of the warehouse.
- The greater the subdivision that needs to be done on the units of load, the greater the cost is.
- Picking operations have the most impact (up to 60% or more) on the total operational cost of a warehouse.
- The larger the warehouse, the further the handling machinery and personnel have to travel, therefore, the higher the final operating cost.
- In facilities with a lot of movement, the convenience of automation should be analyzed to ensure the product goes to the man instead of the man going to the product.
- Good product placement is also fundamental, determining the location of references based on their consumption or volume. The goods with the highest demand, or the goods largest in size, are the closest to the loading and unloading docks.
- A warehouse that prepares single units directly. As explained previously when discussing units of load, a single pallet can contain hundreds of units of sale. When moving it in a single operation, hundreds of movements can be saved that would have to occur when individually preparing each reference.
- All operations require a person, a machine or both to execute them.
The rotation of products: A-B-C
- Product demand is another decisive factor influencing the speed and cost of operations. High-demand products should be closest to the loading and unloading docks. This concept is called rotation.
- A: High rotation, units enter and leave continuously, products are in high demand.
- B: Medium rotation, units enter and leave less frequently than A.
- C: Low rotation, products stay in the warehouse the longest with low demand.
- In most warehouses, the 80/20 rule or Pareto Diagram holds; according to this rule, 80% of sales are concentrated in 20% of products, while the remaining 20% of sales are distributed among the remaining 80% of products.
Some conclusions about flows and rotation
- Material flow treatment differs based on whether it is a flow of A, B, or C rotation products.
- Conventional shelving is often combined with compact shelving in a warehouse, usually dedicating the compact system to products with high rotation.
- Handling costs are lower in warehouses with proper product distribution based on consumption, efficient handling, and a logical order of flows and locations of intermediate processes.
- The choice of the storage system type is crucial for an optimized warehouse.
- It is essential to analyze each case to determine the most logical distribution for a warehouse because there are usually several conditions that must be considered.
Basics of storage systems
- Conventional, compact, dynamic, etc.
- Different storage systems are adapted to various needs
- Focus on optimal space utilization
- Agility and time management in operations are also key considerations
Strategic Criteria for Warehouses
- Minimizing stock while ensuring service
- Efficient control and management
- Minimizing space usage
- Compliance with accessibility and ergonomics
- Short distances for operations
- High performance
- Minimal operating costs
- Anticipating future needs and scalability
- The automotive industry exemplifies these criteria with just-in-time procedures
Warehouse Management
- Essential for warehouse success
- Ensures stock availability, optimizes space utilization, accelerates internal operations, and facilitates stock control
- Effective warehouse management enhances service delivery and operational efficiency
Warehouse Management System (WMS)
- Important for managing warehouses efficiently
- It ensures basic warehouse functions are performed intuitively and straightforwardly
Who manages the warehouse
- Most warehouses are managed directly by the company
- Increasingly, companies are outsourcing logistics and storage services to logistics operators
- WMS should support multi-owner functionality for cases where several customers share a logistics operator's warehouse
How is goods and location management achieved?
- The design should follow material flow analysis
- ABC classification of products places A-class items in closer and accessible locations
- The chosen location criterion affects workflow and effective capacity
Location criteria in warehouses
- Specific or fixed location: assigns each reference a predetermined position or number of locations.
- Advantages: Easy reference location
- Disadvantages: Lower effective capacity compared to physical capacity
- Ideal for very small warehouses and does not require a management system
- Random or "chaotic" location: goods are placed in any available space following pre-defined rules and parametrization in the SGA.
- Advantages: High effective capacity (up to 92% of physical capacity).
- Disadvantages: Requires a well-defined system and may not be suitable for all types of goods.
- Mixed or semi-random location: most frequent approach, combines specific and random placements based on product type or operation.
- Advantages: Good balance of efficiency and flexibility.
- Disadvantages: Requires a well-defined system and may not be suitable for all types of goods.
- Optimized routes for picking are essential for productivity
Functions of a WMS
- Essential functions: managing entries, location, stock control, and exits.
Entry Functions
- Reception procedures: manage the entry of goods from various sources, including purchases, transfers, production, and returns.
- Reception process: It involves verifying the quantity, characteristics, and status of goods entering the warehouse.
- Capturing logistics data: includes attributes like lot number, expiration date, weight, temperature, and serial number.
- Label generation: using barcodes for containers and merchandise.
- Barcode labels: improve efficiency and accuracy
Location Functions
- Location processes: managing the placement instructions of goods in the warehouse based on criteria such as type, characteristics, and dimensions.
- Management of stock statuses: updating information about quarantines, breakages, losses, blocks, reservations, etc.
- Rotation calculation: determining the optimal rotation for each article.
- Counting and inventory: accurate stock quantities
Stock Control Functions
- Visualizing the warehouse map: online representation of the locations and their contents.
- Management of locations: information related to each position, including its type, blockages, dimensions, characteristics, and assigned storage areas.
- Management of stock statuses: updating information about quarantines, breakages, losses, blocks, reservations, etc.
- Rotation calculation: determining the optimal rotation for each article.
- Counting and inventory: accurate stock quantities
Exit Functions
- Expedition processes: preparing orders for customers, transfers to other warehouses, or returns to suppliers.
- Picking, the exit of complete containers, order consolidation, and shipment to delivery vehicles
- Key functions of exit management includes picking, order consolidation, and shipment
Benefits of a Good Warehouse Management System (WMS)
- Real-time stock visibility, accurate data, improved inventory management, efficient order fulfillment, reduced error rates, better forecasting, and streamlined operations.
Unit of Load
- Unit of load is the grouping of various products of usually smaller size for ease of handling during logistics processes
- The quantity of objects in the unit of load depends on the nature and size of the products, as well as their economic management in both production and distribution
- The most appropriate size and weight of the unit of load is a major factor in decision-making with regard to warehousing
- The goal of managing goods is to reduce the number of movements to the minimum, creating a large unit of load is desirable
- While production of products is often massive or in large batches and is served in as large a unit loads as their handling permits, distribution may have different needs when it comes to the appropriate size of the loads
Palettes and Containers
- Palettes are platforms that support goods.
- Containers are receptacles or packaging for holding cargo.
- Both are auxiliary tools for forming, moving and storing goods.
Important Considerations
- The shape, size, resistance, and materials of palettes and containers are important, as they can affect storage systems and handling.
- Depending on the installation, it is important to note the shape, size, and materials of the palettes, as they may require special tools or accessories.
Palettes
- Common materials used for palettes include:
- Wood
- Metal
- Plastic
Wooden Palettes
- They are frequently used.
¿Qué es un almacén?
- Un almacén es un espacio físico dedicado a almacenar y gestionar mercancías.
- Permite el control de la entrada y salida de productos para mantener un inventario.
Tipos de almacenes
- Los almacenes se pueden clasificar por su función:
- Almacenes generales: Productos diversos con distintas características.
- Almacenes especializados: Productos con necesidades específicas de almacenamiento y manejo, como productos perecederos o peligrosos.
Actividades en un almacén
- Actividades comunes en un almacén:
- Recepción de mercancías.
- Almacenamiento y organización.
- Gestión de inventario.
- Preparación y envío de pedidos.
Elementos que intervienen en la operación de un almacén
- Recursos esenciales para la gestión de un almacén:
- Equipos de manutención: Carretillas elevadoras, cintas transportadoras, etc.
- Sistemas informáticos: Software de gestión de almacenes (SGA).
- Personal entrenado para las diferentes tareas.
Datos para proyectar un almacén
- La planificación de un almacén necesita información precisa:
- Tipo de productos a almacenar: volumen, peso, características.
- Flujo de mercancías: volumen de entrada y salida.
- Necesidades de espacio: cálculos de la superficie requerida.
- Tipo de equipamiento: capacidad de carga, requerimientos específicos.
Partes de un almacén
- Un almacén se compone de diferentes áreas con funciones específicas:
- Recepción: Control de entrada de mercancías, verificación, etiquetado.
- Almacenamiento: Área para el almacenamiento organizado de los productos.
- Expedición: Zona de preparación y envío de pedidos.
Flujos de entrada y salida de mercancía
- Los almacenes juegan un papel fundamental en la gestión de flujos de entrada y salida de mercancías.
- Regulan el flujo de productos, controlando las entradas y salidas.
- Aseguran la disponibilidad de productos en el momento adecuado.
Unidad de carga
- La unidad de carga es la unidad básica de transporte y almacenamiento.
- Puede ser un pallet, caja, contenedor o cualquier otro elemento que facilita la manipulación de mercancía.
Tipos de rotación de productos
- Tipos de rotación de productos:
- Rotación A: Productos con alta demanda y rápida rotación.
- Rotación B: Productos con demanda media y tiempo de permanencia moderado.
- Rotación C: Productos con baja demanda y larga permanencia en el almacén.
Flujo simple en un almacén
- Un flujo simple en un almacén implica operaciones sencillas y directas:
- Recepción de productos, almacenamiento en un área específica, preparación de pedidos y envío directo.
Diseño de las áreas de picking
- La optimización de las áreas de picking es crucial para la eficiencia:
- Accesibilidad a los productos: Facilita y agiliza la preparación de pedidos.
- Organización: Minimiza el tiempo de búsqueda de los productos.
- Diseño ergonómico: Mejora la seguridad y comodidad de los operarios.
Tamaño del almacén
- Un almacén demasiado ajustado puede afectar al crecimiento futuro.
- El diseño debe considerar espacio para futuras expansiones.
Productos de gran rotación
- En almacenes, los productos de gran rotación se combinan con áreas adecuadas:
- Áreas más accesibles: Para facilitar la carga y descarga.
- Métodos de almacenamiento específicos: Que permitan un acceso rápido.
Criterios para proyectar un almacén
- Criterios básicos para proyectar un almacén:
- Tipo de productos a almacenar.
- Volumen de las operaciones.
- Ubicación geográfica y accesibilidad.
- Presupuesto y recursos disponibles.
Stock elevado en almacenes de automoción
- En almacenes del sector automoción, el fabricante suele tener un stock elevado de componentes para asegurar la producción continua.
SGA (Sistema de Gestión de Almacén)
- SGA: Software que gestiona las funciones principales de un almacén:
- Control de inventario.
- Gestión de pedidos.
- Optimización del espacio.
Just-in-time
- El procedimiento just-in-time (JIT) consiste en recibir los materiales exactamente cuando se necesitan para la producción minimizando el tiempo de almacenamiento.
Productos de alto consumo
- Para productos de alto consumo se utiliza el cross-docking.
- El cross-docking recibe mercancías y las envía directamente a su destino final sin almacenaje intermedio.
Clasificación de productos en el almacén
- Los productos deben clasificarse de forma lógica en el almacén:
- Por tipo de producto.
- Por tamaño y peso.
- Por fecha de caducidad (para productos perecederos).
Función de un SGA
- Funciones de un SGA:
- Controlar el inventario: Gestión de entradas y salidas.
- Planificar y optimizar la ubicación de los productos.
- Preparar los pedidos para envío.
Sistemas de identificación automática en un almacén
- Los sistemas de identificación automática en un almacén facilitan la gestión:
- Lectura rápida y precisa de información de los productos.
- Control de inventario en tiempo real.
- Trazabilidad de los productos a lo largo de su ciclo de vida.
Estándares de codificación homologados
- Estándares de codificación homologados:
- EAN (European Article Numbering): Sistema de códigos de barras usado en la gestión de productos en el ámbito internacional.
- UPC (Universal Product Code): Estándar utilizado en Estados Unidos para identificar productos de consumo.
Etiquetas de rápida lectura
- Las etiquetas con RFID permiten una lectura rápida sin necesidad de alineación.
- RFID (Radio-Frequency Identification) utiliza ondas de radio para identificar y rastrear objetos.
Soporte para la mercancía
- La plataforma o pallet es un soporte sobre el que se deposita la mercancía, utilizado en el transporte y almacenamiento.
Tamaño de la unidad de carga
- Al elegir el tamaño de una unidad de carga se deben considerar:
- El tipo de producto a transportar y almacenar.
- La capacidad de los equipos de manutención.
- Las dimensiones de los vehículos de transporte.
Gestión de la ubicación en el almacén
- La gestión de la ubicación en el almacén consiste en:
- Asignar una ubicación específica a cada producto.
- Optimizar el uso del espacio del almacén.
- Facilitar la preparación de pedidos.
Tipos de recepción en un almacén
- Un tipo de recepción básica en un almacén:
- Recepción directa: La mercancía se descarga directamente en el almacén.
Función del SGA en la gestión de stock
- La gestión de stock se basa en el control y seguimiento de la cantidad de cada producto en el almacén.
- El SGA facilita la gestión de control de stock, actualizando automáticamente la información del inventario.
Información capturada durante la recepción
- Durante la recepción, se captura información sobre las mercancías:
- Número de referencia del producto.
- Cantidad recibida.
- Fecha y hora de la recepción.
- Proveedor.
Etiquetado de artículos
- El SGA genera etiquetas de código de barras para todos los artículos que se almacenan.
- Las etiquetas facilitan la identificación y gestión de los productos.
Cross-docking
- El cross-docking es un proceso de recepción y envío eficiente que evita el almacenamiento intermedio.
Gestión multialmacenes
- La gestión multialmacenes permite administrar varios almacenes desde un mismo punto de control.
- Permite centralizar el control del inventario y la gestión de los pedidos para diferentes almacenes.
Optimización de la preparación de pedidos
- El SGA optimiza la preparación de pedidos:
- Calculando la ruta más eficiente para los operarios.
- Agrupando pedidos de forma eficiente según el tipo de producto.
Documentación de las expediciones
- La documentación de las expediciones ayuda a la generación de facturas y al seguimiento del pedido.
- La documentación incluye información sobre la fecha de envío, el destino y la información de contacto del cliente.
Tecnología de radiofrecuencia
- La tecnología de radiofrecuencia (RF) ofrece un seguimiento en tiempo real de los productos:
- Localización de los productos en el almacén.
- Control de las operaciones de envío y recepción.
- Permite una mejor gestión del inventario.
What is a warehouse?
- Warehouses are facilities that regulate the differences between incoming and outgoing flows of goods using storage equipment, handling, human resources and management systems
- Incoming flow is received from suppliers, manufacturing centers, etc.
- Outgoing flow is shipped to production, sales, etc.
- Fluxes tend not to be coordinated, which highlights the need for warehousing
Warehouse classification
- Companies can use one or multiple warehouse types: raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods, etc.
- Each warehouse should be located based on the operational needs and constraints of the location and its environment
- Warehouses can be classified based on product type, building used, material flow, location and degree of mechanization
Warehouse Activities
- Warehouse activities include receiving goods, verification, internal transport (between different areas), storage and custody, order preparation, load consolidation, goods dispatch, and stock, flow, demand management, etc.
Warehouse Elements
- Essential factors to consider when studying a warehouse installation:
- Product being stored
- Flow of materials or goods
- Available space
- Storage and handling equipment
- Human factor (staff)
- Management system
- Company policy
Warehouse Data
- Gathering data necessary to design a warehouse installation relies on:
- Client needs
- Available space
- Available resources
- Market possibilities
- Storage and handling equipment knowledge
Warehouse Data Influence
- Relevant data impacts the following aspects:
- Storage system
- Installation size
- Location system
- Layout
-
Handling and resistance of storage equipment -
Operations -
Work areas -
Product arrangement within the facility -
Internal flow -
Product stacking -
Load stability handling -
Collapse possibilities -
Temperature-controlled installations -
Fire prevention
Warehouse Space Facts
- It is essential to visit the location to confirm data and verify measurements, and to provide a floor plan from the client.
- Data collected for a warehouse space will influence:
- Installation capacity
- Inside distribution
-
Accessibility -
Space distribution -
Exit location -
Installation of suitable resistance shelving
Warehouse Equipment
-
Essential data that needs to be gathered:
-
Existing shelving -
Lifting and transport equipment -
Auxiliary elements (boxes, pallets) -
Availability to purchase new storage equipment
-
-
The gathered information impacts the following factors:
- Integration of new equipment
- Capacity limitations
-
Client needs adaptation -
Increased capacity possibility
Material Flow and Rotation
-
Necessary data includes:
- Product entry into the facility, including frequency and quantity
-
Product handling -
Order quantity -
Order preparation time -
Product exit -
Rotation, quarantine needs -
Existing warehouse management system (WMS software).
-
The collected data will ultimately influence:
-
Most suitable storage & order preparation system -
Warehouse size and layout -
Location system adoption -
Complementary space needs -
Product arrangement on shelves -
Managed stock volume -
Order preparation methods -
Staff reduction or expansion need -
Auxiliary equipment needs -
Installation effectiveness -
Management system to be used -
Equipment -
Operating and preparation speed.
-
Personnel
-
Essential data includes:
- Staff working in the warehouse
-
Staff qualifications -
Shift work organization - Staff reduction or expansion capacity
-
Staff qualification needs
-
Data gathered will determine:
-
Installation operating capacity -
Productivity improvement needs -
New storage systems and equipment -
Handling equipment needs.
-
Warehouse Sections
-
The simplest configuration of a warehouse typically includes:
- Access doors
- Free zone for maneuvering and verification
-
Storage zone -
Control office for plant management -
Toilets and changing rooms for staff
-
A warehouse can be further subdivided into sections based on the type of product or workflow
-
Examples of sections include:
- Receiving
-
Packaging and consolidation -
Dispatch -
Battery recharge area - Loading docks
Material Flow Inside a Warehouse
- The warehouse is where the company regulates the differences between incoming and outgoing flows, using storage, handling, human resources and management systems
- Each material flow is influenced by the company's operational activity, internal operations with goods, the amount of goods handled, and how they are moved.
Understanding Material Flow
-
Units of load are:
- Simple - indivisible
-
Group or Package - composed of several simple units of load -
Pallet - platform to facilitate the handling of goods -
Container - Large unit of load
-
The material flow is influenced by: - Product size and weight - Handling needs like lifting, transportation, storage - Product rotation needs - Product storage life
-
A warehouse's design and layout is determined by: - Product size & weight - Quantity of products to be stored - Handling and transport needs - Product rotation needs - Current and future growth needs - Warehouse layout knowledge of suppliers
-
The warehousing design should be adaptable to future growth needs.
Unidad de Carga
- La unidad de carga es la unidad básica para almacenamiento y transporte.
- Se manipula en diferentes puntos de trabajo, como un almacén general, almacén de reserva o un almacén de picking.
- La unidad de carga puede dividirse en unidades de preparación de pedidos, unidades de devolución y unidades de venta.
Tipos de Flujo
- Flujo Simple: Unidades de carga no se fraccionan y se suministran tal como las envió el proveedor.
- Flujo Medio: Se da cuando hay operaciones de picking o combinadas, generalmente con el suministro de paletas completas.
- Flujo Complejo: Almacenes con diferentes áreas de trabajo en función del tipo de producto y su consumo, con operaciones que requieren flujos de cierta complejidad.
Repercusión de los Flujos en las Instalaciones de Almacenaje
- Cuanto más fraccionamiento de la unidad de carga se requiere, mayor es el coste.
- Las operaciones de picking son las que más influyen en el coste total del almacén.
- Cuanto más grande es el almacén, mayor es el coste final de operación debido al recorrido de las máquinas, personal y flujos.
Rotación de Productos: A-B-C
- Los productos se clasifican en Alta, Media o Baja rotación según su consumo.
- La mayoría de los almacenes cumplen con la teoría del 80/20 o Diagrama de Pareto, donde el 80% de las ventas se centran en el 20% de los productos.
- Los productos de alta rotación deben estar más cerca de los muelles de entrada y salida de mercancía.
Algunas Conclusiones de los Flujo y la Rotación
- Se debe elegir cuidadosamente los equipos de almacenaje para optimizar el almacén.
- La correcta distribución de productos según su consumo, la manipulación adecuada y la ubicación de los puntos de procesos intermedios pueden reducir los costes de manipulación.
Strategic Criteria for Warehouses
- Warehouses should be designed and managed with a focus on minimizing stock, guaranteeing service, efficient control and management, minimizing space, accessibility, ergonomics, distance for operations, maximizing performance, minimizing costs, and anticipating future needs.
- The automotive industry utilizes Just-in-Time (JIT) procedures where suppliers deliver components at the precise moment needed, minimizing stock for the manufacturer.
- Even with JIT practices, stock is necessary for raw materials, components, tooling, and finished products.
Warehouse Management
- Effective warehouse management optimizes stock, service, space, operation time, stock control, location, and material flow.
- A Warehouse Management System (WMS) is crucial for intelligent and efficient warehouse management.
- The WMS should be user-friendly and handle basic warehouse functions.
Warehouse Management Personnel
- Most warehouses are managed directly by the company owning the facility.
- Warehouse functions can be integrated with the company's general management system.
- Logistics and warehousing services can be outsourced to third-party logistics providers.
Location Management
- The location of goods within the warehouse should be carefully planned based on product classification (A-B-C) and accessibility.
- Location methods include specific, random, and mixed.
Specific Location
- Each item has a pre-assigned location, providing easy retrieval.
- Specific location might lead to lower effective capacity.
Random Location
- Goods are located in any available empty space, following a predetermined logic.
- Random location maximizes effective capacity.
Mixed Location
- Combines specific and random locations based on product type and operation.
- Specific locations for high-demand items; random for others.
SGA (Warehouse Management System) Functionalities
- The SGA manages warehouse processes including receiving, location management, stock control, and shipping.
Receiving
- Includes receiving goods from various sources like suppliers, transfers between warehouses, production orders, and customer returns.
- Encompasses validating goods, verifying quantity, checking condition, and recording data.
- The SGA can generate bar-code labels for containers and goods, enabling accurate traceability throughout the warehouse.
Location Management
- Manages placement instructions, considering item type, characteristics, and dimensions.
- The SGA helps optimize space utilization and organize flow.
Stock Control
- Monitors stock real-time, providing information on quantity, condition, and characteristics.
- Features include stock status tracking, quarantine management, breakdowns, losses, blocks, reservations, and inventory counts.
- The SGA can analyze stock rotation and recalculate the ideal rotation to optimize warehouse management.
Shipping
- Manages orders dispatched to customers, transfers to other warehouses, and returns to suppliers.
- Includes picking, complete container dispatch, order consolidation, and delivery vehicle preparation.
Unit of Load Definition
- A unit of load refers to a group of smaller products that are packaged together to facilitate movement within a logistics process.
- The number of objects in a single unit of load is determined by the size and properties of the products, as well as the economic factors of production and distribution.
Choosing the Right Unit of Load Size
- Selecting the appropriate size and weight for a unit of load is a crucial decision when handling goods.
- It directly affects storage and handling operations, requiring a balance between efficiency and practicality.
Benefits of Larger Units of Load
- Larger units of load are desirable as they minimize handling movements, leading to greater cost-effectiveness.
- This approach is especially advantageous when dealing with products that are produced in bulk and are commonly shipped in large quantities.
Balancing Production and Distribution Needs
- Production often involves creating large batches of products, resulting in oversized units of load.
- However, distribution requirements might necessitate different unit of load sizes, leading to a need for adjustments and potentially impacting efficiency.
Palettes and Containers: General Considerations
- Palettes and containers are frequently used as foundations for storing and moving goods.
- They are essential in organizing, transporting, and storing cargo units and products.
- Considerations like shape, dimensions, strength, and material play a crucial role in their compatibility and suitability for specific warehousing systems.
- Specialized models might require additional tools or accessories for efficient shelf placement.
- Palettes and containers influence handling equipment and manual manipulation.
- Always research the specific details of their shape, dimensions, material, and other characteristics before installation.
Wooden Pallets
- Wooden pallets are commonly used and offer durability.
Metal Pallets
- Metal pallets are durable and reusable.
- They offer a higher load capacity compared to wooden pallets.
- They are less susceptible to damage from moisture or pests.
Plastic Pallets
- Plastic pallets are lightweight and easy to clean.
- They are often used in environments that require sanitation.
- They are more expensive than wooden or metal pallets.
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Description
Este cuestionario explora los conceptos clave sobre los almacenes, incluyendo tipos, actividades y elementos en su operación. Además, se aborda la importancia de la rotación de productos y el diseño del espacio en un almacén. Ideal para estudiantes de logística o administración de empresas.
