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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is a principle of justice in transfer?
Which of the following is a principle of justice in transfer?
The right to one’s body is considered a fundamental principle of self-ownership.
The right to one’s body is considered a fundamental principle of self-ownership.
True
What example illustrates voluntary transactions in the context of justice?
What example illustrates voluntary transactions in the context of justice?
Wilt Chamberlain example
A holding is just if it is __________.
A holding is just if it is __________.
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Match the following ethical theories with their descriptions:
Match the following ethical theories with their descriptions:
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What is the primary issue with the Lockean Proviso?
What is the primary issue with the Lockean Proviso?
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The distribution of grades is considered just only if they are earned by merit and effort.
The distribution of grades is considered just only if they are earned by merit and effort.
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What does the phrase 'all that matters is history' imply in the context of justice?
What does the phrase 'all that matters is history' imply in the context of justice?
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What concept argues that moral truths depend on individual attitudes?
What concept argues that moral truths depend on individual attitudes?
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Thomson's violinist example argues that women have a moral obligation to continue a pregnancy regardless of consent.
Thomson's violinist example argues that women have a moral obligation to continue a pregnancy regardless of consent.
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What does Thomson's argument primarily focus on regarding pregnancy?
What does Thomson's argument primarily focus on regarding pregnancy?
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Thomson uses the example of a _______ to illustrate her point about moral obligation and consent.
Thomson uses the example of a _______ to illustrate her point about moral obligation and consent.
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What does logical positivism assert about ethical statements?
What does logical positivism assert about ethical statements?
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Match the philosophers to their respective arguments:
Match the philosophers to their respective arguments:
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In the child-tank scenario, what is being questioned?
In the child-tank scenario, what is being questioned?
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Emotivism claims that ethical sentences reflect emotions.
Emotivism claims that ethical sentences reflect emotions.
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Moral realism suggests that moral truths exist independently of individual attitudes.
Moral realism suggests that moral truths exist independently of individual attitudes.
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What is the thesis of 'motivational internalism'?
What is the thesis of 'motivational internalism'?
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What argument counters the idea that the right to life is absolute?
What argument counters the idea that the right to life is absolute?
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According to Mackie, there are no objective moral truths, a concept he refers to as _____ skepticism.
According to Mackie, there are no objective moral truths, a concept he refers to as _____ skepticism.
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Which argument does Mackie use against the existence of objective values?
Which argument does Mackie use against the existence of objective values?
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Ethical realism posits that moral truths exist independently of cultural beliefs.
Ethical realism posits that moral truths exist independently of cultural beliefs.
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What does Mackie imply about moral codes across cultures?
What does Mackie imply about moral codes across cultures?
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What theory suggests that the justice of a holding is determined by its history?
What theory suggests that the justice of a holding is determined by its history?
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Moral facts are considered to be empirical and can be measured directly.
Moral facts are considered to be empirical and can be measured directly.
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What is the Lockean Proviso in relation to the principle of justice in acquisition?
What is the Lockean Proviso in relation to the principle of justice in acquisition?
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The notion that moral values are constructed by cultural norms is known as __________.
The notion that moral values are constructed by cultural norms is known as __________.
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Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
Match the following concepts with their descriptions:
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What type of truths does moral realism argue exist?
What type of truths does moral realism argue exist?
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Moral facts are supposed to motivate actions intrinsically and exist outside the natural world.
Moral facts are supposed to motivate actions intrinsically and exist outside the natural world.
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What is the main objection considered against moral diversity?
What is the main objection considered against moral diversity?
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Which of the following properties does Warren consider necessary for having a right to life?
Which of the following properties does Warren consider necessary for having a right to life?
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Marquis believes that the right to life is based on an individual's current desires and preferences.
Marquis believes that the right to life is based on an individual's current desires and preferences.
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What is the potential issue Warren raises regarding infanticide?
What is the potential issue Warren raises regarding infanticide?
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Marquis's theory emphasizes that killing a fetus is wrong because it takes away their potential for a _____ human future.
Marquis's theory emphasizes that killing a fetus is wrong because it takes away their potential for a _____ human future.
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Match the following individuals with their corresponding views on the right to life:
Match the following individuals with their corresponding views on the right to life:
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According to Warren, what should not override the experiences of the mother?
According to Warren, what should not override the experiences of the mother?
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Warren believes that individuals with severe communication disorders do not have a right to life.
Warren believes that individuals with severe communication disorders do not have a right to life.
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What is the discontinuation account as argued by Marquis?
What is the discontinuation account as argued by Marquis?
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What does the veil of ignorance refer to in Rawls' theory of justice?
What does the veil of ignorance refer to in Rawls' theory of justice?
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Rawls asserts that the difference principle prioritizes the distribution of economic goods to the most advantaged individuals.
Rawls asserts that the difference principle prioritizes the distribution of economic goods to the most advantaged individuals.
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What is the maximin decision theoretic strategy?
What is the maximin decision theoretic strategy?
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In Rawls' theory, primary goods are those goods that everyone values regardless of their _______.
In Rawls' theory, primary goods are those goods that everyone values regardless of their _______.
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Match the following principles of justice with their descriptions:
Match the following principles of justice with their descriptions:
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What is a potential problem of the basic theories of justice according to Rawls?
What is a potential problem of the basic theories of justice according to Rawls?
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The rational life plan involves a person's detailed understanding of their social status and abilities.
The rational life plan involves a person's detailed understanding of their social status and abilities.
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What argument is made about people's theories of the good when deciding on social principles?
What argument is made about people's theories of the good when deciding on social principles?
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Study Notes
Logical Positivism/Logical Empiricism
- An approach arguing that ethical statements are meaningful only if empirically verifiable.
- Values associated include meaningfulness, emotivism, and expressivism.
Meaningfulness
- A sentence is meaningful if it can be verified through experience.
Emotivism
- Ethical sentences express emotions.
Expressivism
- Ethical sentences express attitudes, more complex than simple emotions.
Non-Cognitivism
- Ethical expressions aren't true or false, even if appearing declarative.
Mackie's View
- There are no objective moral values. While humans feel compelled by values, there's no inherent "right" or "wrong".
- Examples like monogamy are culturally defined, not inherently right or wrong.
- Motivational internalism: recognizing something as right motivates action (although Mackie doesn't explicitly state this).
Ethical Realism
- Moral truths are relative to cultures or individuals, recognizing cultural/individual differences.
Moral Realism
- Objective moral truths exist independently of beliefs/practices.
Moral Skepticism
- There are no objective moral truths, regardless of cultural contingency.
Argument from Relativity
- Mackie leans towards ethical relativism.
- Moral values are culturally constructed, subjective.
- Diversity of moral beliefs doesn't preclude moral truths.
Epistemological Argument from Queerness
- How do we know moral truths?
- Moral truths are normative, not observable or measurable.
- Moral facts are unusual compared to scientific facts.
Metaphysical Argument from Queerness
- Moral facts have unfamiliar characteristics, unlike scientific facts.
- Moral facts are supposed to motivate us independently of desires.
- Moral facts exist outside the natural world.
Nozick's Entitlement Theory
- Justice of a holding depends on its history, not pattern.
- Three principles of justice: acquisition, transfer, and rectification.
Principle of Justice in Acquisition
- Just acquisition involves mixing labor with nature, leaving "enough and as good" in common.
Principle of Justice in Transfer
- Just transfer is voluntary exchange, inheritance, gift.
Principle of Justice in Rectification
- Addresses unjust acquisition/transfer.
The Wilt Chamberlain Example
- Illustrates that historical processes are crucial for determining justice, not end-state patterns.
Lockean Proviso
- A new holding is just if one acquires it by mixing their labor with nature, leaving enough of the resource for others.
Right to One's Body
- Nozick proposes self-ownership, where individuals have absolute ownership over their bodies.
Problems for Nozick's Entitlement Theory
- Historical processes can generate unjust holdings.
- Examples include slavery and unjust land acquisition.
Subjectivity and Objectivity
- Subjectivity depends on individual attitudes.
- Objectivity does not depend on attitudes, and is not necessarily universal or unchanging.
- Something is objective if it is not subjective
Non-Cognitivism and Nihilism
- Moral statements cannot be true or false.
- Nihilism claims all ordinary moral statements are false.
- Subjectivism says moral truths depend on attitudes.
- Moral realism claims moral truths are objective and independent of attitudes.
Early Rawls
- The original position and the veil of ignorance in creating principles of justice.
- Rawls proposes maximizing the worst-case scenario.
- The difference principle emphasizes helping those least advantaged.
Rational Life Plan
- A set of basic plans outlining life goals and preferences.
Theory of the Good
- Religious, ethical, and personal values guiding life choices.
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Description
Explore the concepts of logical positivism and logical empiricism in ethics. This quiz covers key concepts like meaningfulness, emotivism, non-cognitivism, and the perspectives of philosophers like Mackie on moral values. Test your understanding of how ethical statements relate to empirical verification.
